INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES (INCLUDING GERUNDIVE AND GERUND)

DEFINITIONS Infinitive: A verbal noun, similar in function to the English infinitive (to love etc.). Labōrāre est ōrāre To work is to pray Participle: An adjective formed from a verb and also functioning as a noun for people doing, having done something etc. Caesar, omnibus hostibus superātīs, Rōmam rediit. With all his enemies defeated, Caesar returned to Rome Gerundive: A verbal adjective acting rather like a future passive participle (going to be ---ed) but also expressing the idea of necessity or obligation. Dēlenda est Carthāgō Carthage must be destroyed Gerund: a verbal noun identical in form to the neuter singular of the gerundive. It is not used in the nominative, for which the infinitive is used instead. Amīcōs dēfendendī causā pugnāvimus We fought for the sake of defending our friends Supine: A verbal noun identical in the accusative (-um) to the neuter singular of the past participle and with an ablative/dative in -ū. Hic liber dignus est lēctū This book is worth reading

PARTICIPLE FORMATION Present (`doing’): The –ns, -ntis ending for the present participle is normally added to the base used in the Imperfect tense The verb esse had no present participle in the classical period but a form ens, entis came into use in the Middle Ages. The common irregular verb eō (go) has u before the nt: iēns, euntis The participle declines like an ordinary third declension adjective but the ablative singular ends in –e, not –ī if the participle is felt to be more verbal than adjectival in meaning: Cum puellā canente ambulābam I was walking with a girl who was singing Cum puellā canentī ambulābam I was walking with a girl who was a singer Perfect (`having been done’ – normally passive but active in deponent verbs): The fourth of a verb’s four `principal parts.’ Always ends in –tus, -sus, or –xus Future (`about to do’): Formed from the perfect participle by inserting –ūr- before the endings. With intransitive verbs, a future participle may be formed from what the perfect participle would have been if one existed! E.g. ventūrus, about to come

PARTICIPLES amāns, amantis habēns, habentis regēns. regentis audiēns, PRESENT (ACTIVE) amāns, amantis habēns, habentis regēns. regentis audiēns, audientis ____ PERFECT (PASSIVE – but ACTIVE in Deponents) FUTURE (ACTIVE)

PARTICIPLES amāns, amantis habēns, habentis regēns. regentis audiēns, PRESENT (ACTIVE) amāns, amantis habēns, habentis regēns. regentis audiēns, audientis ____ PERFECT (PASSIVE – but ACTIVE in Deponents) amātus habitus rēctus audītus FUTURE (ACTIVE)

PARTICIPLES amāns, amantis habēns, habentis regēns. regentis audiēns, PRESENT (ACTIVE) amāns, amantis habēns, habentis regēns. regentis audiēns, audientis ____ PERFECT (PASSIVE – but ACTIVE in Deponents) amātus habitus rēctus audītus FUTURE (ACTIVE) amātūrus habitūrus rēctūrus audītūrus futūrus

DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) Nominative regēns regentēs regentia Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) Nominative regēns regentēs regentia Accusative regentem regentēs/īs Genitive Dative Ablative

DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) Nominative regēns regentēs regentia Accusative regentem regentēs/īs Genitive regentis regentium Dative Ablative

DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) Nominative regēns regentēs regentia Accusative regentem regentēs/īs Genitive regentis regentium Dative regentī regentibus Ablative

DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) Nominative regēns regentēs regentia Accusative regentem regentēs/īs Genitive regentis regentium Dative regentī regentibus Ablative regentī/e

GERUNDIVE A passive verbal adjective (sometimes described as a future passive participle) usually formed by adding –ndus, -a, -um to the base used in forming the imperfect tense and present participle. In the third and fourth conjugations, u can be used instead of e : amābat > amandus docēbat > docendus regēbat > regendus (regundus) audiēbat > audiendus (audiundus) Used for expressing necessity, with the person who needs to act put in the Dative. With intransitive verbs, the neuter of the gerundive can be used impersonally.The most natural English translation is usually in the active voice: Nōbīs haec vocābula ēdiscenda sunt. We have to learn these words by heart. Mihi theātrum relinquendum est. I have to leave the theatre. Nōbīs abeundum est. We have to go away. Also used in noun phrases where English would prefer the (active) gerund in –ing or two nouns: Dē castrīs dēfendendīs colloquāmur Let’s talk about defending the camp/the defence of the camp.

GERUND A verbal noun, identical to the neuter of the gerundive, but used in the active sense. Equivalent to the English –ing form of the verb when this is used as a noun. In these cases, the –ing form is also called a gerund but when it is used like an adjective it is called a present participle Can be used in a noun phrase with a noun in the accusative in place of a gerundive phrase but this tends to happen only when gerundive and noun both have long endings (especially genitive plural): dē amīcīs dēfendendīs (with gerundive) is better than dē amīcōs dēfendendō (with gerund) amīcōs dēfendendī causā (with gerund) is better than amīcōrum dēfendendōrum causā (with gerundive)

SUPINE Normally identical with the neuter singular of the perfect participle and therefore used as the fourth principal part of a transitive verb; not often used in sentences. With īrī, forms the future passive infinitive. This is used in indirect stement but often the construction with fore ut (to be going to be that)plus subjunctive is preferred: Nōn putābam Henrīcum superātum īrī / fore ut Henrīcus superārētur I didn’t think Henry would be defeated. Can be used to express purpose after a verb of motion: : Petrus cubitum it. Peter goes to lie down (i.e. goes to bed) [verb is cubō, cubāre, cubuī, cubitum ] There is a special ablative form in –ū which can be used with adjectives in expressions such as mīrābile dictū (strange to say), liber est lēctū dignus (the book is worth reading)

INFINITIVES Note that most infinitives are invariable (endings do not change) but that when they contain a perfect or future participle, they are declined like bonus – bona – bonum. The future passive infinitive in –um īrī (to be going to ____ ed) is rarely used and, where one would expect it in indirect statement, is normally replaced by a paraphrase with fore ut (`to be going to be that’) plus the subjunctive: Putāsne fore ut mīlitēs nostrī superentur? Do you think our soldiers will be defeated? Putābāsne fore ut mīlitēs nostrī superārentur? Did you think our soldiers would be defeated?

INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse PRESENT ACTIVE PRESENT PASSIVE PERFECT ACTIVE PERFECT PASSIVE FUTURE ACTIVE FUTURE PASSIVE

INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī audīrī PRESENT ACTIVE amāre habēre regere audīre esse PRESENT PASSIVE amārī habērī regī audīrī ____ PERFECT ACTIVE PERFECT PASSIVE FUTURE ACTIVE FUTURE PASSIVE

INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī audīrī PRESENT ACTIVE amāre habēre regere audīre esse PRESENT PASSIVE amārī habērī regī audīrī ____ PERFECT ACTIVE amāvisse habuisse rēxisse audīvisse fuisse PERFECT PASSIVE FUTURE ACTIVE FUTURE PASSIVE

INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī audīrī PRESENT ACTIVE amāre habēre regere audīre esse PRESENT PASSIVE amārī habērī regī audīrī ____ PERFECT ACTIVE amāvisse habuisse rēxisse audīvisse fuisse PERFECT PASSIVE amātus esse habitus esse rēctus esse audītus esse _____ FUTURE ACTIVE FUTURE PASSIVE

INFINITIVES amāre to love habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī PRESENT ACTIVE amāre to love habēre regere audīre esse PRESENT PASSIVE amārī to be loved habērī regī audīrī ____ PERFECT ACTIVE amāvisse To have loved habuisse rēxisse audīvisse fuisse PERFECT PASSIVE amātus esse to have been loved habitus esse rēctus esse audītus esse _____ FUTURE ACTIVE amātūrus esse To be about to love habitūrus esse rēctūrus esse audītūrus esse futūrus esse OR fore FUTURE PASSIVE amātum īrī to be about to be loved

INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī audīrī PRESENT ACTIVE amāre habēre regere audīre esse PRESENT PASSIVE amārī habērī regī audīrī ____ PERFECT ACTIVE amāvisse habuisse rēxisse audīvisse fuisse PERFECT PASSIVE amātus esse habitus esse rēctus esse audītus esse _____ FUTURE ACTIVE amātūrus esse habitūrus esse rēctūrus esse audītūrus esse futūrus esse OR fore FUTURE PASSIVE amātum īrī habitum īrī rēctum īrī audītum īrī