Chapter 13 Section 1 Industrialization 1869-1901

A Revolution in Technology Introduction A. Between 1860 and 1900 the U.S. went from being a rural nation to the world’s leading industrial power During the 70 years after the Civil War over 1.5 million patents were issued Patent – a grant that gives an inventor sole right to make, use and sell an invention for a period of time

A Revolution in Technology The Oil and Steel Industries A. Samuel Kier- collected oil that oozed out of ground 1. Turned it into kerosene Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company – refined oil into kerosene 1. Kerosene soon offered a cheap alternative to whale oil for lighting lamps

Whaling In the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries whales were hunted for their oil which is used in lamps and candle wax One sperm whale could produce three tons of whale oil Whaling grew with the development of whale oil candles Whaling declined after development of other petroleum products. It increased after World War II Whales were protected in 1985 and their numbers are growing

II. The Oil and Steel Industries 1859 – Edwin Drake drilled first oil well After “gusher” people flocked to the area around Titusville PA 2. Oil industry created new jobs

II. The Oil and Steel Industries Steel Industry 1. In 1850’s American William Kelly and Henry Bessemer, an Englishman, each discoverer a way to make steel faster by blasting air at the molten iron. Method became known as Bessemer Process

II. The Oil and Steel Industries Steel Industry b. Bessemer process allowed American steel production to increase from 2,000 tons of steel to over 7 million tons a year

III. A Network of Railroads At the beginning of the Civil War there were about 35,000 miles of railroad tracks. By 1900 there were more than 193,000 miles of railroad tracks, more than all the railroad tracks in Europe combined

III. A Network of Railroads C. Transcontinental Railroad – provided the main arteries of trade for the nation Building of transcontinental railroad viewed as a race two railways Government provided incentives to both railways

III. Network of Railroads C. Transcontinental Railroad 2. Government provided incentives for the two railroads a. $65 million in loans b. Land for every mile of track laid i. In a state – 10 sq miles of land ii. In territory – 20 sq miles of land Government eventually gave 20 sq miles in state

III. Network of Railroads C. Transcontinental Railroad 3. Union Pacific started building from Omaha Nebraska Central Pacific started building from Sacramento, California Central Pacific Railroad relied heavily on Chinese workers

III. Network of Railroads C. Transcontinental Railroad 4. May 10, 1869 – Two railroads linked at Promontory Point near the Great Salt Lake News of the completion of the railroad was spread by telegraph

III. Network of Railroads D. Uniting the Country - By 1885 four more railroads crossed the continent Branch lines reached out from the main lines to smaller cities Nation had to standardize time between areas C.F. Dowd divided the earth into 24 time zones United States divided into 4 time zones

III. Network of Railroads D. Uniting the Country 2. Nation had to standardize time between areas ii. On November 18, 1883, America went on railroad time

III. Network of Railroads E. Improving Service on the Railroads 1. Passengers on first transcontinental railroads faced risk-filled trips Locomotives would breakdown b. Brakes would fail c. Wooden trestles buckled d. Railcars broke free of train

III. Network of Railroads E. Improving Service on the Railroads 2. Inventors took steps to improve safety Elijah McCoy, a son of a slave, invented a device that automatically lubricated moving parts on a train Grenville Woods invented air brakes

III. Network of Railroads E. Improving Service on the Railroads 2. Inventors took steps to improve safety c. Railways used two sets of rails to allow traffic to go in two directions Lights were also used to warn people of the approach of trains

III. Network of Railroads E. Improving Service on the Railroads 2. In 1870- George Mortimer Pullman developed the Pullman Car that allowed first class passengers reclining seats and sleeping spaces

Pullman Car

IV. The Power to Communicate The Telegraph – Introduced by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1844. Started a communication revolution 1. Morse invented system of dots and dashes that represented letters a. Morse Code

IV. The Power to Communicate 2. Telegraphs spread across the nation a. 1853 – 23,000 miles of telegraph wire 1868 – Telegraph companies joined together to form Western Union Telegraph Company 1900 – Western Union owned 933,000 miles of telegraph wire Companies could now track shipments and prices nationwide

IV. The Power to Communicate B. The Telephone – March 10, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell sent a message to his assistant. 1876- “talking telegraph” exhibited at Centennial Exhibition 1878 –President Rutherford B. Hayes puts telephone in White House 3. 1895 – 325,000 telephones in U.S. 4. 1915 - ten million telephones in U.S.

IV. Power to Communicate The Typewriter – Christopher A. Sholes patented the typewriter in 1868 1873 – Sholes sells patent to E. Remington & Sons 1886 – Remington was producing 1,500 typewriters per year 3. Allowed women to find work in offices

V. Inventions Change Lives Thomas Alva Edison - Set up research lab in Menlo Park. Promised to produce “a minor invention every ten days and a big one every six months. 1. Patented over 1,000 inventions 2. Called the “Wizard of Menlo Park”

V. Inventions Change Lives Thomas Alva Edison 3. Phonograph – invented 1877 4. Invented first light bulb Produced first central power plant for producing and carrying electricity to homes and offices 1882 – Started Edison Illuminating company in NY 7. Investment bankers funded new industry