What is imperialism? The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country

What is Imperialism? Why do Europeans do this? Industrialization sparks the need for: Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Natural resources and raw materials New markets for products

What Enabled Imperialism? Europeans’ technological superiority (including the machine gun) Improvements in transportation to and within Asian and African colonies Medical advances, such as Quinine, which protected Europeans from foreign diseases (malaria) Disunity among ethnic groups in Africa

Southeast Asia Power Lands Claimed Major Trade Products Dutch Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Bali Oil, Tin, rubber British Malaysia, Burma Tin, Rubber French Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia Rice Americans Philippines, Hawaii Sugar, Bananas, Pineapples

Forms of Imperialism FORMS OF IMPERIALISM CHARACTERISTICS Colony A country or region governed internally by a foreign power Protectorate A country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading privileges Economic Imperialism Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government

The Scramble for Africa Africa Before European Dominion Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups Followed tribal beliefs, Islam or Christianity Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages Africans controlled their own trade networks Europeans only had contact on African coasts

The Scramble for Africa (cont) Nations compete for overseas empires Europeans wanted more land Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber Africa was a mystery to many Europeans who penetrated Africa were: Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”

Impact of Imperialism in Africa NEGATIVE Loss of land and independence Men forced to work in European owned mines and on European owned farms Contempt for traditional culture and admiration of European culture = identity problems Dividing up of Africa = artificial boundaries divided kinship groups and united rivals POSITIVE Local warfare reduced Improved sanitation Hospitals led to increased lifespan Schools led to increased literacy Economic growth

According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa?

Forces Driving Imperialism Belief in European superiority Racism Social Darwinism Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa European technological superiority Europeans had means to control New medicines prevent diseases

The Division of Africa The Berlin Conference (1884) Europeans leaders divide Africa No African ruler invited Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups By 1914 – Only independent nations Liberia Ethiopia

Effects of European Imperialism in Africa

Europeans Claim Muslim Lands The Ottoman Empire Loses Power Empire begins to decline in 1566 Death of Suleyman I Modernization movements are unsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independence European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

Downfall of the Ottoman Empire

Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire Russia seeks Ottoman land Access to a warm-water port Russia loses war Ottomans are shown to be weak Russia still is able to take land

Europeans Grab Territory England gains control of: India – natural resources Suez Canal – international trade Persia – oil and tobacco Russia gains control of: Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean Afghanistan – oil

The Suez Canal

IV. British Imperialism in India British Expand Control over India East India Company Controls India thru economic imperialism Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys” India was seen as the most important colony Due to its production of raw materials Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”

Effects of British Rule Impact of Colonialism Railroads move cash crops and goods faster British control political and economic power Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and caused famine Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries Britain sought to “modernize” India

Nationalism in India Call for reforms Religious Issues Remain India adopts modernization movements Many Indians adopt western ways Religious Issues Remain Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) Called for independence from Britain Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India

Imperialism in Southeast Asia European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim” Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore Netherlands – Indonesia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) Why? Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Excellent for plantation agriculture

England’s Empire Grows

V. Imperialism in China and Japan China vs. The West China was self-sufficient – no need for trade Europeans were able to shift the balance Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. Britain China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws Chinese power over the West ends

Imperialism in China

Imperialism in Japan Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867 Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries

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