Language of Sentence Writing Created by Dotti Turner, Certified SIM Professional Developer University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002

Purpose of the Sentence Writing Program To teach students to write a variety of complete simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences with fluency.

What knowledge of grammar and sentence structure do I need to teach this strategy?

Type #1: Simple Sentence A simple sentence has one independent clause Independent Clause A group of words that makes a complete statement has a subject and a verb

2. Paris 4. African Safari 1. Hawaii 3. Cruise 5. Camping

Simple Sentence Formulas SV The bear knocked over the tent. SSV John and Lisa went to a luau. SVV Paul saw a lion and ran back to the jeep. SSVV Michael and his daughter climbed the Eiffel Tower and took photos from the top.

What was your favorite part of the trip? Write an SV to answer. Then turn your SV into an SSV, SVV, and an SSVV. Example: - We went scuba diving. (SV) - My friend and I went scuba diving. (SSV) - I went scuba diving and saw a shark. (SVV) - My friend and I went scuba diving and saw a shark. (SSVV)

Enhancing an SSVV… SSVV – The mischievous little boy and his six-year-old sister ran across the street and jumped into a giant pile of leaves. SSVV – Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony were passionate about women’s rights and spent their lives fighting for women’s right to vote.

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Type #2: Compound Sentence A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. Examples: The students finished class, and they went to lunch. Kevin did not want to hurt Kathy's feelings, so he said nothing about her mistake. I want to see my sister soon, for she has been in Switzerland for two years. Relate to compound sentence University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002

Compound Sentence Formulas I;I I,cI

Coordinating Conjunction A word that is used with a comma to join two independent clauses. , for , but , and , or , nor , yet , so Look at meaning of each…which ones do kids use most…may have speech teacher work on meanings University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002

The FAN BOYS Cheer FAN BOYS, FAN BOYS Seven in a row For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Semicolons Semicolons (;) can also be used to join the two independent clauses of a compound sentence. Examples: Susan loves to swim; her brother likes to dive. Jason was highly respected; he was always such a responsible person. The meeting was over; it was already midnight.

Comparing Compound Sentences to Simple Sentences with Compound Subjects and Compound Verbs The men and women met at the station and went to dinner. Compound Sentence: The men met at the station, and the women went to dinner. S S V V S S V V

Compound Sentence Formulas V S V I,cI The bear knocked over the tent, but the tent was not damaged at all. John went to a luau, and the rest of us went for a long walk on the beach. I;I Paul saw a lion; he ran back to the jeep screaming! Michael and his daughter climbed the Eiffel Tower; they took photos from the top. S V S V S V S V S S V S V

What was your most embarrassing moment What was your most embarrassing moment? Write a compound sentence using the formula I,cI. Then write it again using the formula I;I. Example: I leaned over the railing of the Eiffel Tower, and my ice-cream cone fell right over. I leaned over the railing of the Eiffel Tower; my ice-cream cone fell right over. S V S V S V S V

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Type #3: Complex Sentence A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Dependent Clause A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and verb that cannot stand alone. Examples: I like Sally because she is funny. Kathy will be late for dinner since the meeting is still in progress. The game will end when one team scores. Dependent clause “tells more about” University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002

Complex Sentence Formulas D,I ID

Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions are words that show the relationship of the dependent clause to the independent clause.

Subordinating Conjunctions Some words that can be used as subordinating conjunctions are: after even if since although even though so that as if than as if in order that though as long as just as unless as soon as like until as though once when because provided whenever before rather than while

Sequencing Complex Sentences Dependent Clause First (comma needed) When I get to Phoenix, you will be sleeping. After the players practiced, they went out for a pizza. Until the storm is over, we will not know about the damage.

Sequencing Complex Sentences Independent Clause First (comma not needed) You will be sleeping when I get to Phoenix. The players went out for a pizza after they practiced. We will not know about the damage until the storm is over.

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Complex Sentence Formulas V V ID The bear knocked over the tent while we were off on a long hike. John and Lisa decided to go to the luau since they couldn’t get tickets to the sunset cruise. D,I While we were off on a long hike, the bear knocked over the tent. Since they couldn’t get tickets to the sunset cruise, John and Lisa decided to go to the luau. S S V S V S V S V S V S S V

What two pieces of advice would you give to someone who was going to take this same trip? Answer by writing a complex sentence using the formula ID and another complex sentence using the formula D,I. Examples: S’mores are great for camping although seventeen might be a few too many. (ID) If you see a skunk, you should NOT try to get close enough to take a picture. (D,I).

Compound-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Examples: When you are ready, I will call the store, and we can talk to Reed. Before the trick-or-treaters came, Jill made candied apples; they were delicious. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002

Sequencing Compound- Complex Sentences Dependent Clause First After the party was over, Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house. When Jennifer feels sad, she calls Chris; he cheers her up.

Sequencing Compound- Complex Sentences Dependent Clause Second Jean had a headache after the party was over, so Paul cleaned up the house. Chad hates to sleep while his parents are awake, for he might miss something. Jennifer calls Chris whenever she feels sad; he cheers her up. The sky was gray when the volcano erupted; ash was falling everywhere.

Sequencing Compound- Complex Sentences Dependent Clause Third Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house after the party was over. The employer made Jill a good offer, and she accepted as long as he gave her a travel allowance. The doctors were busy with the serious cases; the slightly wounded soldier quietly waited while they worked. Todd gave an excellent report; his instructor thanked him after the rest of the class had left the room.

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Now YOU get to try some…

___ Although Lisa was tired, she cooked dinner for Jesse. Answer: V V ____ Lisa and Jesse cooked dinner and sat down to watch TV. Answer: ____ Lisa cooked dinner, but Jesse sat down and watched TV. Answer ___ Although Lisa was tired, she cooked dinner for Jesse. Answer: SSVV S V S V I,cI S S V V D,I