NSF Particle Physics & Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics Programs Fermilab Users’ Meeting 31 May – 01 June, 2006 R. Boyd, M. Goldberg, J. Kotcher, M. Pripstein, R. Ruchti, J. Stone

Outline Program description, overview Budgets & funding Award types US LHC operations support Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) ILC Closing remarks Note: throughout this talk, EPP = Experimental Particle Physics, PNA = Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

NSF Act of 1950 “To promote the progress of science…” NSB (24) and 1 Director, appointed by the President Encourage & develop a national policy for the promotion of basic research and education in math, physical, medical, biological, engineering and other sciences Initiate & support basic scientific research in the sciences Provide information for science and engineering policy development J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

NSF Organizational Structure OISE/OCI/OPP MPS Broader Impacts, Added Value, Partnerships OISE = Office of International Science/Eng, OPP = Office of Polar Programs, OCI = Office of CyberInfrastructure J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Particle Physics in Transition Discovery potential never greater – new chapter LHC will dominate accelerator-based HEP in the near future, many US projects phasing out Next generation frontier accelerator requires multibillion $ investment and international cooperation Vision is emerging, but is not yet totally clear (EPP 2010, HEPAP, subpanels) Intellectual breadth of NSF program reaches beyond energy frontier, and accelerators in general NSF supports ~10% of US program, ~40% of university activities DOE is primary steward of national accelerator complex and will lead the ILC campaign NSF will increase investment to broaden field, e.g. DUSEL, while supporting university groups across frontiers GO THROUGH J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

$15M increase for EPP in FY07 budget request NSF FY07 Priorities From Feb 06 talk by M. Turner on FY07 Rollout: Advancing the Frontier (grant support) Facility Stewardship, Instrumentation and CyberInfrastructure Broadening Participation Education and Workforce Development $15M increase for EPP in FY07 budget request J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Advancing the Frontier Elementary Particle Physics (EPP), fundamental research across the energy frontier – the attempt to discover new fundamental particles and laws of physics by studying collisions at the highest energies achievable with current and future accelerators; the neutrino frontier – exploration of the properties of the neutrino, a particle now known to carry mass and believed to be fundamental to understanding the developing universe; and the cosmic frontier – the study of dark matter and dark energy. Physics of the universe (POU), a set of activities carried out in partnership with DOE and NASA for exploring the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy; the earliest phases in development of the universe; the fundamental nature of time, matter and space; and the role of gravitation. J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Empowering university-based investigators Adding value: Overall EPP/PNA Goals Empowering university-based investigators Adding value: Partnerships Building interdisciplinary collaboration Increasingly relevant as scope of EPP/PNA broaden Broadening Participation Single investigators Non-traditional, under-represented participants Research in Undergraduate Institutions (RUIs) Education and Outreach Activities Above are among criteria for proposal review J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

EPP/PNA Portfolio University Program CESR Accelerator- and non-accelerator based physics Computational physics CESR LHC Construction and Operations DUSEL Accelerator and Detector R&D (APPI) ILC-related, and other, support Coordination with related disciplines, groups Partnerships PNA plays central role in funding a number of projects: HiRes, Veritas, Auger, CDMS, Xenon, WARP, PICASSO, DRIFT, Milagro, QUIET, STACEE,… J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

MPS = Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences MPS by Division MPS = Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

10-Year Funding History J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Base and Allied Funding: EPP, PNA, Theory J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Base Detail: EPP, PNA, Theory J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Funding History J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Distribution of Accelerator-Based University Group Funding (FY05) J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Base-funded FTEs (FY05) J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Partnerships Cyberscience Education with research Tier 2 centers for LHC data analysis – with OCI UltraLight – with OCI Trillium/Open Science Grid (OSG) – with OCI and DOE Education with research QuarkNet – OMA, EHR and DOE/HEP CHEPREO – with OMA, OCI, EHR, OISE I2U2 – with OMA, EHR, PHY Mariachi – OCI funded CyberBridges – OCI funded OCI = Office of CyberInfrastructure, OMA = Office of Multidisciplinary Activities, EHR = Education and Human Resources, OISE = Office of International Science and Engineering J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Larger Award Types MREFC: Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction Awards for projects which exceed a minimum of $100M over the project life. Involves the National Science Board (NSB) directly. Timing depends upon Division, Directorate & NSF priority, project readiness, etc. DUSEL, LIGO, LHC Construction, CLEO, IceCube MRI: Major Research Infrastructure Awards for developing university scientific infrastructure. Proposal deadline is late January of a given year. Two award maxima, by type ($800k, $2M) Portions of the DØ Upgrade, MICE electronics development J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Coming New NSF Initiative Mid-Scale Instrumentation In the planning phase An Opportunity Intermediate between MRI and MREFC >$2M, <$100M 5 year time frame Various possibilities An experiment Upgrades Accelerator, Detector R&D, … Equipment J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

LHC GRID Computing Tier Structure University Regional Tier 2 Center NSF University Regional Tier 2 Center PCs University New York Times : “To users [at Universities], thousands of computers and millions of gigabytes of data will look like one single computing engine of unprecedented power.” J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

QuarkNet “I saw the teachers change to teacher/apprentice scientists and this changed how they are viewed by their students.” QuarkNet will involve 100,000 students from 600 US high schools J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

NSF Funding of US LHC Highest Priority of EPP 2010 Report (NRC, May 2006) is to “Fully exploit opportunities afforded by…LHC.” Earlier this month, the NSF National Science Board approved the grant proposals for the full amount requested - $87M over 5 years, beginning in FY07 - for US LHC ATLAS and CMS Detector Operations J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

EPP 2010 on Diversity “Particle physics, like all of other elements of the scientific enterprise, explores the unknown, and this inevitably requires shouldering some uncertainty. Thus, it is important to maintain a diverse and comprehensive portfolio of research activities – from theory to accelerator R&D to the construction of new experimental facilities to efforts to probe entirely new areas.” From Findings and Recommendations: “In particular, it is important to recall the strategic necessity of mounting, regardless of budgetary constraints, a comprehensive program that reflects a diversity of scientific opportunities and approaches to the scientific challenges facing particle physics. Under no circumstances, therefore, should the committee’s top two or three priorities be permitted to exhaust the entire available budget. Indeed, in the most pessimistic budget scenario…the level of resources invested in the priorities outlined below would need to be modified, but the need for pursuing a diversified research portfolio would be unchanged.” J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Ground Truth Frontier Science and Engineering Deep Underground Why deep? Neutrino picture of the Sun Geo-microbes Ground Truth Frontier Science and Engineering Deep Underground Large Block Geo Experiment Coupled Processes Undergraduates in South Africa mine Creating large stopes: size of cavity vs depth J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

DUSEL Overview Broad, rich, multidisciplinary scientific program Biology, Engineering, Geosciences, Physics Intrinsically strong program for education, outreach Excellent match to NSF mission Offers opportunity for growth, diversity during difficult time in particle physics, other disciplines Many new and unique challenges: Multi-purpose national laboratory that will serve variety of scientific communities over many decades New collaborations with other disciplines, organizations Laboratory infrastructure responsibility of NSF, experiments will be joint DOE/NSF (+ foreign) initiatives Collaborative approach being sought with DOE from outset J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Henderson DUSEL Unearthing the Secrets of the Universe, Underground http://nngroup.physics.sunysb.edu/husep/ Henderson DUSEL Unearthing the Secrets of the Universe, Underground Chang Kee Jung Stony Brook University P5 Meeting Fermilab, April 18, 2006 J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

DUSEL Status Two sites currently under consideration: Henderson Mine, Empire, CO (near Denver) PI: Chang-Kee Jung, SUNY Stony Brook Homestake Mine, Lead, SD (near Rapid City) PI: Kevin Lesko, LBL Conceptual Design Reports will be submitted 23 June 2006 Down-select to single site targeted for summer 2006 Site-specific technical design follows Process could lead to funding start in FY09 DUSEL #1 priority for next new project start in Physics Division J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

DUSEL Community Planning Activities Bahcall report (2001): NSF-DOE sponsored ad hoc committee of scientists strongly recommended that Homestake Mine NSAC Long-Range Plan (2002): Strongly supported development of an underground laboratory to enable some aspects of nuclear research, e.g., double beta decay. NESS 2002: An NSF sponsored conference on Underground Science showcases the wide variety of science that would be enabled with an underground laboratory. Connecting Quarks to the Cosmos (2003): Known as Turner Report, NRC panel recommended development of an underground laboratory to enable a number of fundamental science experiments. HEPAP Long-Range Plan (2003): Supported development of an underground laboratory to enable some aspects of high energy research, e.g., long baseline neutrino detector and proton decay Neutrinos and Beyond (2003): Known as Barish Report, OSTP charged NRC panel emphasized neutrino physics, much of which requires an underground laboratory; placed in international context. EarthLab 2003: An NSF sponsored report of the GeoSciences and GeoEngineering opportunities that would be enabled by an underground laboratory. Physics of the Universe—A Strategic Plan for Federal Research at the Intersection of Physics and Astronomy (NSTC) 2004: Strongly supported development of an underground laboratory for science and engineering Quantum Universe—The Revolution in 21st Century Particle Physics, 2004: NSF-DOE HEPAP Sub Panel report identifies key science drivers and indicates need for DUSEL to address key questions A lot more activities: NuSAG (HEPAP, NSAC, AAAS sub panel), Dark Matter sub panel, EPP2010… J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

A Sampling of the DUSEL Scientific Program Multidisciplinary, diverse suite of experiments: Life at Depth Study of subsurface biosphere Isolated underground life forms Life forms at high temperature, pressure, associated genomic features Fluid flow and transport at depth Applications include stability of water supplies, hazardous waste disposal, remediation of contaminated groundwater Rock formation at depth Seismic transmission, rock mechanics, etc. Mineral resources and environmental geochemistry Very low level counting facility, experiments Homeland security J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

DUSEL Scientific Program Science, technology and engineering innovation Novel microorganisms, analytic techniques for geomicrobiology, drilling and excavation technology, environmental remediation, subsurface imaging, … Creating pure crystals without cosmic ray induced “impurities” Creating very large stopes Neutrino physics Neutrino-less double beta decay Solar neutrinos Other neutrino mixing angles, CP violation Nuclear astrophysics Dark matter searches Matter stability Proton decay Supernovae neutrino observations J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

DUSEL R&D in FY07 The NSF Physics Division is preparing to allocate up to $6M for DUSEL in FY07, which will target: Site-non-specific, DUSEL-related detector R&D Competitive evaluation of proposals Site-specific technical design after the down-select in summer Funding level assumes allocations are commensurate with the FY07 request NSF Geomechanics & Geotechnical Systems Program (Engineering Directorate) encouraging submission of R&D proposals for DUSEL-related design, construction and research in FY07 J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Candidate DUSEL R&D Projects in Physics Dark Matter Detection Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay Nuclear Astrophysics (accelerator based cross-section measurements) Geoneutrinos Solar and Supernovae Neutrinos Low Background Counting Facilities (LBCF) and Common Infrastructure Long Baseline Neutrinos and Proton Decay: “Megaton” Detectors J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

International Linear Collider NSF support of ILC in FY05 ~ $0.75M in FY05 University research in detector and accelerator development ($0.25M) University support is partnership with DOE Support of GDE personnel & activities ($0.5M) Support for each was doubled in FY06, total $1.5M Physics Division is in process of understanding the most effective means of utilizing NSF strengths to support ILC J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Committee of Visitors (COV) Excerpts from report from Jan 2006 COV review of Physics Division: “…panels are asked to prioritize proposals for different budget scenarios. This is a key aspect of the… process since it requires the review committee to deal with the hard choices that the Program Officers face. We particularly commend the EPP program officers for… proactive management of the portfolio, which has kept it lean and competitive. …this is absolutely necessary in order to carve out room in the budget to fund young faculty and start new projects. We also commend the EPP program officers for their creative interactions with other NSF programs and Divisions. We encourage the continuation of this fresh and innovative thinking, and support their efforts to implement new approaches to scientific management. We also note the relatively low value of funded MRI proposals in EPP during past two years…” WE GET REVIEWED, WE LISTEN J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Closing Remarks Scientific opportunities as promising as ever Diverse array of exciting, fundamental questions to be answered NSF will continue to try to maintain a properly balanced portfolio as we rise to meet this challenge Commitment to university program is a cornerstone of this process “We respond to proposals” J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Additional Slides J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

DUSEL Depth J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Underground Laboratory Depth vs. Volume Proposed DUSEL 2007-2012 SD support J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Very Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillations Homestake 2560 km 1315 km FNAL 1500 km BNL 2760 km Henderson Measure , CP and sign of m J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006

Large Underground Cavities Uncharted Territory J. Kotcher Fermilab User’s Meeting, 31 May – 1 June 2006