Cold War Conflicts The Cold War and the danger of nuclear war define international affairs, especially after the Korean War. Fear of communism in the U.S. leads to accusations against innocent citizens. British prime minister Winston Churchill, U.S. president Harry S. Truman, and Soviet premier and supreme commander Joseph Stalin pose during their meeting at the Potsdam Conference in Germany (July 1945). NEXT

Cold War Conflicts SECTION 1 Origins of the Cold War SECTION 2 The Cold War Heats Up The Cold War at Home Two Nations Live on the Edge NEXT

Origins of the Cold War Section 1 The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems. NEXT

In the beginning… P27 V10 Hakim

Objectives… How does the UN work? Who is Kofi Annan? George Kennan? What is ‘containment’? Where did the term “iron curtain” come from? What is the Truman Doctrine? What is the Marshall Plan? What is NATO?

Origins of the Cold War Former Allies Clash 1 SECTION Origins of the Cold War Capitalism vs. communism discussion Former Allies Clash U.S.-Soviet Relations U.S., U.S.S.R. have very different economic, political systems U.S. suspicious of Soviets- The United Nations 1945, United Nations established as new peacekeeping body General Assembly – all member nations Security Council – 5 permanent seats (must agree!), 10 rotating Video clip featured Continued . . . NEXT

Tension Mounts Bargaining at Potsdam 1 SECTION Tension Mounts Bargaining at Potsdam July 1945 conference with U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union Truman becomes convinced that U.S., Soviet aims deeply at odds U.S. emerges from war as great economic power - wants Eastern European raw materials, markets Continued . . . NEXT

Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe 1 SECTION continued Tension Mounts Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe Soviet Union has great economic, military strength Installs communist rule in satellite nations, countries it dominates 1946, Stalin announces war between communism, capitalism inevitable United States Establishes a Policy of Containment U.S. policy of containment—measures to prevent spread of communism Churchill describes division of Europe as iron curtain Interactive NEXT

Cold War in Europe The Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan 1 SECTION Cold War in Europe The Truman Doctrine 1945–1991 Cold War—conflict between U.S., U.S.S.R. - neither nation directly confronts the other on battlefield • Truman Doctrine—support against armed minorities, outsiders The Marshall Plan 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes aid to nations in need • Marshall Plan revives 16 nations; Communist parties less appealing Image NEXT

Superpowers Struggle over Germany 1 SECTION Superpowers Struggle over Germany The Berlin Airlift • 1948, Stalin closes highway, rail routes into West Berlin • Berlin airlift —Britain, U.S. fly food, supplies into West Berlin • 1949, Stalin lifts blockade • Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic form Map The NATO Alliance Fear of Soviets leads to North Atlantic Treaty Organization European nations, U.S., Canada pledge mutual military support NEXT

Double Check… What is the difference between the United Nations and NATO? What is ‘containment’? Where did the term “iron curtain” come from? What is the Truman Doctrine? What is the Marshall Plan?

The Cold War Heats Up Section 2 After World War II, China becomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a communist north and a democratic south. NEXT

Objectives… Identify: Chaing Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, Chou Enlai, Douglas Macarthur Why China falls to communism Korean conflict- military strategy

The Cold War Heats Up China Becomes a Communist Country 2 SECTION The Cold War Heats Up China Becomes a Communist Country Nationalists Versus Communists Chinese Nationalists- led by Chiang Kai-shek (US) Communists- led by Mao Zedong peasant support – long march Communists establish People’s Republic of China in mainland America Reacts to Communist Takeover U.S. public stunned Containment tested and failed… Image Continued . . . NEXT

Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling UPI/Corbis Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Chiang Kai-shek, shown here with his wife Soong Mei-ling, worked for the unification of war-torn China in the 1920s and fought the invading Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). After the war, Chiang battled against Chinese Communists but was driven to the island of Taiwan, where he reestablished the Nationalist government and served as Taiwan’s leader until his death in 1975. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2002. © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Mao Zedong Mao Zedong led the Chinese Communist movement in the 1930s and 1940s, and became ruler of China in 1949. Mao strayed from the Soviet Marxist model, attempting to build a socialist society based on peasant farming rather than a centralized, bureaucratic, industrialized economy. In Mao’s speech to the 1956 party congress, he spoke of the need to constantly strive for progress: “Even though we have attained extraordinarily great achievements, there is no reason to be arrogant. Modesty makes you move forward, arrogance makes you go backwards. I should always remember this truth.”

Chiang Kai-shek Taiwan Renewed Civil War 2 SECTION continued China Becomes a Communist Country Renewed Civil War 1944–47, U.S. sends aid to Nationalists 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan Communists establish People’s Republic of China in mainland U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government Chiang Kai-shek Taiwan NEXT

Reading packet The Korean War A Divided Country 2 SECTION The Korean War A Divided Country • 38th parallel divides Japanese surrender in Korea • North to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S. North Korea Attacks South Korea 1950, North Korea invades South, begins Korean War South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves General MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces Interactive Reading packet NEXT

Describe MacArthur’s character- Do you think these character traits are necessary for an effective leader? Why or why not?

The United States Fights in Korea 2 SECTION The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur’s Counterattack North Korea drives south, captures Seoul UN, South Korean forced into small defensive zone – Pusan Peninsula MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides, pushes north Amphibious landing at Inchon, Pincer movement to squeeze NK troops The Chinese Fight Back China sends troops to help North Korea; push south, capture Seoul again! Volunteers cross the Yalu River Fighting continues for 2 more years 1953 – DMZ established Continued . . . NEXT

MacArthur Recommends Attacking China 2 SECTION continued The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur Recommends Attacking China MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to 38th parallel MacArthur Versus Truman MacArthur goes over Pres; Truman fires him Public outraged over hero’s dismissal Congressional committee investigation concludes Truman right Settling for Stalemate 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire 1953 armistice: Korea still divided; DMZ Continued . . . NEXT

The Cold War at Home Section 3 During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism leads to reckless charges against innocent citizens. NEXT

Double Check… How does the UN work? Who is Kofi Annan? George Kennan? What is ‘containment’? Where did the term “iron curtain” come from? What is the Truman Doctrine? What is the Marshall Plan? Identify: Chaing Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, Chou Enlai, Douglas Macarthur Korean conflict- military strategy

Objectives… How does the fear of communism impact American society? What is HUAC? Richard Nixon, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, Alger Hiss, Albert Fuchs, Joseph McCarthy

The Cold War at Home Fear of Communist Influence Loyalty Review Board 3 SECTION The Cold War at Home Fear of Communist Influence Loyalty Review Board Sets up Federal Employee Loyalty Program to investigate government employees 1947–1951 loyalty boards investigate 3.2 million, dismiss 212 In part to calm public’s fears…what else could be done? Civil Defense films Continued . . . NEXT

The House Un-American Activities Committee 3 SECTION continued Fear of Communist Influence The House Un-American Activities Committee • Investigates Communist influence in film industry • Hollywood Ten refuse to testify, sent to prison • Hollywood blacklist—people with Communist ties, cannot get work NEXT

Spy Cases Stun the Nation 3 SECTION Spy Cases Stun the Nation Alger Hiss • Alger Hiss accused of spying for USSR; convicted of perjury • Congressman Richard Nixon gains fame for pursuing charges Do not write – guilty or not? Image The Rosenbergs • 1949, Soviets explode atomic bomb sooner than expected • Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving information about U.S. bomb • Ethel, Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party activists, implicated • Rosenbergs sentenced to death NEXT

McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt” 3 SECTION McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt” McCarthy’s Tactics • Senator Joseph McCarthy a strong anti-Communist activist • Ineffective legislator; needs issue to win reelection • McCarthyism—attacking suspected Communists without evidence Continued . . . NEXT

Double Check … How does the fear of communism impact American society? What is HUAC? Richard Nixon, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, Alger Hiss, Albert Fuchs, Joseph McCarthy HW: Read “Spies” in reading packet

Two Nations Live on the Edge Section 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war. NEXT

Two Nations Live on the Edge 4 SECTION Two Nations Live on the Edge Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy Race for the H-Bomb • H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon more powerful than atom bomb • 1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one The Policy of Brinkmanship • John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower • Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: - willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism NEXT

The Cold War Spreads Around the World 4 SECTION The Cold War Spreads Around the World Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information The Warsaw Pact Form Warsaw Pact—military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries Map Continued . . . NEXT

The Eisenhower Doctrine 4 SECTION continued The Cold War Spreads Around the World The Eisenhower Doctrine • Eisenhower Doctrine—U.S. to defend Middle East against communists Image NEXT

The Cold War Takes to the Skies 4 SECTION The Cold War Takes to the Skies A New Soviet Leader • Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors: - peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition Chart The Space Race October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite Shocked Americans pour money into own space program Continued . . . NEXT

Read for homework… The U-2 incident AND Space (last page)

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