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Elsevier – Marine Policy 34 (2010) 1215-1225 Whose Sustainability? Top-down Participation and Emergent Rules In Marine Protected Area Management in Indonesia Authors: Marion Glaser, Wasisini Baitoningsih, Sebastian C.A. Ferse, Muhammad Neil and Rio Deswandi, 2010. Elsevier – Marine Policy 34 (2010) 1215-1225 Presented by: Agustin Capriati IPB, 3 June 2015

Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati Introduction Marine Protected Area Community based Emergent rules Methodology Result and discussion Conclusion Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Indonesia’s coral reefs Source: (Allen, 2008) High Low Coral Triangle Purwanto,2010 National Wildlife Federation, science20.com Indonesia’s coral reef is located in epicenter of coral triangle which has highest biodiversity on earth Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

21.75% ≈ 51.000 km2 Food security Fisheries Total Coral Reef in 21 Tropical Countries in The World 21.75% ≈ 51.000 km2 Countries Among 21 tropical countries, Indonesia has 51.000 km2 coral reef cover or one fifth in the total. Coral reef provide fisheries on account increase CPUE and sustainability of food security. Therefore, coral reef should be managed effectively by using Marine Protected Area Source: Wilkinson, 2002 Food security Fisheries Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati Marine Protected Area IUCN: “a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and management, through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values ” “Status” Coral Triangle MPAs (WRI 2012 and CT Atlas) *Handoko, PPT, MST 2014 According to IUCN definition MPA is clearly define legal or local which has effective means to achieve long term conservation. However, in many areas of the globe in Indonesia status coral triangle MPAs clearly that not effective and partially effective are dominated because local customary management is absent or inadequate. Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati Marine Protected Area IUCN: “a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and management, through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values ” Formal MPAs Community based Ferse, et al. Combination between: Ferse et al, suggest that a combination of formal MPAs and community based will provide more effective protected area management. Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Objectives 1. To implement community-based no take areas (NTA) 2. Proceed to identify other approaches and rationales for ecosystem use and protection and management 3. Analyses some of the principles to asses how formal MPA design might integrated with community approach Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Focus Group Discussion (age, sex and socio-economic) Methodology Research excursions In-depth interviews Larger open meetings Focus Group Discussion (age, sex and socio-economic) Participant observation Include: 1) Demographic history, 2) local economy including fisheries, 3) local leadership, society, values, culture and ecological 4) social-ecological and 5) technical knowledge Photos source: http://www.zmt-bremen.de/en/Spermonde_Archipelago_Indonesia_15.9.12_-_3.10.12.html Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Methodology Maps of the study area, locations of the research area Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi Sept 2008-Feb 2009 Research excursion objectives were to explore seasonally, spatial dynamic and social network dynamics => focus group different by age, sex and socio-economic status Research excursion, Macrh 2009 May-June, 2009 Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Result and Discussion 1. Marine Protected Area (MPA) and No Take Area (NTA) Community-based Marine Protected Area (CB-MPA) Management action - conservation MPA in IUCN only consider management actions which results in conservation. Meanwhile according to COREMAP MPA explicitly aims to facilitate the community role with the concept district-level marine area management. District-level marine area management (Prohibit all fisheries activity and declared one NTA per village ) Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Result and Discussion 1. Organizational structure CB-MPA Organizational structure of COREMAP CB-MPA and has three levels of community workers: 1) SETO, 2) Community Facilitator, Fasilitator masy (FM) and 3) Village motivator, motivator desa (MD). However, some of them still fishing in NTAs because the rules were not crafted by local people The rules were not crafted by local people Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati Result and Discussion 1. CM-MPA COREMAP Status n= 238 The level of local knowledge about CB-MPAs was low, according to the interviews result shows that The 47% “aware of NTA establishment” include the “guided” answer of people who were not necessarily involved in COREMAP (n=238). Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Result and Discussion SEVERAL PROBLEMS 1. Formal CM-MPA COREMAP Status Clear agreements on boat maintenance did not exist COREMAP grants were used for pier rehabilitation/had no direct relation to coral reef Miss communication among COREMAP structure Some problem that was found due to research are: 1.2.3.4.5. Long-term commitment beyond a project was rare The boundaries of the designated CM-MPA were unclear Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Result and Discussion 2. Effective, Non-Formal ways of marine area protection Existed In Spermonde, But: Outside the COREMAP programme by using other approaches Incidental protection http://www.coralgardening.org/ Traditions, myths and taboos Influential interest in favor of conservation The authors found that there was non-formal ways which affective in Spermonde island, but outside the COREMAP program, using other approaches: Incidental protection: mini-trawl do not go to CB-MPA, afraid to damage their nets on the coral, It is too close to mainland (illegal method, police) Tradition: Penjaga laut (guardian of the reef) – fishing trip have to permission to Penjaga laut, myths: hantu laut (sea ghost) New emergent rules Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Result and Discussion 3. Newly emergent rules: the emergence of non-formal to deal with change is particularly strong influence on social-ecological change patterns. Newly emergent rules: http://nasional.kontan.co.id/ 1. Emerging territoriality in fishing http://www.alexhoffordphotography.com 3. Island exclusion zones http://www.coralgardening.org/ 2. emerging rules surrounding blast fishing Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati Conclusion Parallel institutional approaches in marine conservation and management: distributive justice, transparency and representativeness, local culture, comprehensive participation, linking knowledge system and local emergent rules will provide better MPA Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018

Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati Thank You By: Agustin Capriati agustin.capriati@yahoo.co.id Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati 11/11/2018