Taxonomy Phylum Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordata- amphioxus or lancelet Subphylum Urochordata- tunicates or sea squirts Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha- jawless and cartilaginous, hagfish and lamprey Class Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous, sharks and rays Class Osteichthyes- bony fish Class Amphibia- cecilians, salamanders, frogs, toads Class Reptilia- snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises, alligators, crocodiles, tuataras Class Aves- birds Class Mammalia- dogs, cats, lions, horses, cows, bears, giraffes, elephants, monkeys, kangaroos, humans, platypus, mice, beavers, seals, sea lions, walruses, whales, dolphins, porpoises, manatees, dugongs, anteaters, armadillos, sloths, bats, shrews, moles, hedgehogs… Fish Cold Blooded (Ectotherm) Warm Blooded (Endotherm)

Fish

Class Osteichthyes Vast majority of fish Have some bony parts in their skeletons Typical flat, spindle-shaped body Great variety in shape and size

Support Bony skeletons cartilage hardened by mineral deposits like calcium Harder and much more support than cartilage Usually the vertebral column and skull are bone Ribs, pectoral, and pelvic girdles often cartilage

Movement Whiplike motion of tail and body projects fish through water Wavy muscular bands along trunk and tail attached to skeleton Friction reducing shape Smooth scales

Movement Body Covering Overlapping scales- scales grow along with the body Special glands underneath scales secrete slimy mucus that covers the exterior of the fish Waterproofing Protection from parasites Lubrication for movement through water

Movement Air bladder (swim bladder)- thin walled sac in the body cavity that enables the fish to control its depth Fills with gases to rise Releases gases to sink

Fins Two sets of paired fins usually Unpaired fins Pectoral fins, anterior and lateral Pelvic fins, below and slightly behind pectoral fins Unpaired fins Anterior dorsal fin- usually supported by sharp spines Posterior dorsal fin- generally smaller and softer Anal fin- ventral, behind anal opening Caudal fin- extreme posterior end Stabalize- keep fish upright

Digestion Food Plankton Worms Insects Plants Fish Varying teeth and mouths depending on what they eat and from where Food Plankton Worms Insects Plants Fish Pharyngeal teeth

Digestion Mouth Throat- flexible Pharynx Short esophagus Saclike stomach- for storage Short intestine- where digestion occurs Anus

Digestion Accessory Organs Pyloric ceca- short tubes at junction of stomach and intestine, secrete digestive enzymes Liver- secretes bile that aids in digestion of fats Gallbladder- stores excess bile Pancreas- secretes digestive enzymes

Respiration Operculum- plate behind eye on each side of head, covers gills Closes operculum Draws water in through mouth Opens operculum Water is forced over gills

Circulation 2 chambered heart Posterior and ventral to the gills Atrium- receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues Atrium passes blood to ventricle Ventricle- muscular chamber, pumps blood through arteries to gills

Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Olfactory sacs- small pouches behind the nostrils on the fish’s snout, can detect substances dissolved in water

Reproduction Mostly oviparous- eggs laid then fertilized externally Female- pair of ovaries, produce eggs, sometimes hundreds of thousands of eggs Males- testes, produce sperm Female spawns- lays eggs Male covers eggs with milt- milky fluid containing sperm Embryo in egg usually develops atop a ball of food material called yolk

Camouflage Chromatophores- branched cells responsible for producing some of the pigments that color fish Countershading- upper half is dark, lower half is light Flounder- Kings of Camouflage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHlRQEIt2-Y Giant Grouper http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cyeib4L50ag Flounder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIMRSt40OMk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nEwte-x-iw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uFjmeWnFZ4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2eMX_pGNVI http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/river-monsters