Warm-up You have 4 minutes after the tardy bell to complete the warm-up. Turn it in before the buzzer. We will then go over it. Write the question & answer (all one word answers). Questions Why did feudalism develop? What was the name of the land given to vassals? What is the economic system that developed from feudalism? Answers Because of invasions Fief Manorialism REMINDER: Missing work should be turned into 4th period bin TODAY in order to receive credit for progress report next week.

RISE OF EUROPEAN NATION-STATES THE GROWTH OF MONARCHIES

England Invaded by Angles and Saxons in the 5th century The seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms remained independent and separate for several centuries

William the Conqueror and the Norman Invasion In 1066 the English king dies without an heir and two men claim the throne Harold – an Anglo-Saxon nobleman William – Duke of Normandy and distant relative to the king The English nobility name Harold as their new king William feels cheated and decides to take the throne by force

Oct. 14th, 1066 – William of Normandy lands with his army on the shores of England Harold, who had just defeated an army of a Viking leader who also wanted to be king of England, marches south to fight William William defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings and becomes the new king He is now known as William the Conqueror One of the first things William does as king was to claim all the land in England as his He divided the land into fiefs and gave it to his Norman knights as a reward These new nobles owed William their loyalty

William and the Normans introduced French culture into England French becomes the language of the nobility and the court Only lower classes and peasants speak English Domesday Book – census taken on where people lived, what they owned, and how much they could afford to pay in taxes William used this to create a central tax system Henry II Enlarged the power of the monarchy and expanded royal courts Body of common law replaced varying local codes Law common to the whole kingdom

King John and the Magna Carta Many nobles started to fear that the kings would abuse their powers and take away nobles’ rights King John was fighting a war, in which he lost almost all of England’s French holdings, and needed money He placed a new tax on the nobility The nobles refused to pay and instead rebelled against their king King John is defeated on the battlefield He is forced to sign the Magna Carta – “Great Charter” Gives rights to the nobles that the king can’t take away and places limits on the king’s power King can no longer arrest and punish people without following legal procedures Set forth ideas about limiting gov’t and executive power

Edward I Another rebellion by nobles in the 1260s led to the foundation of a council that eventually developed into Parliament it included nobles, clergy members, and representatives from every county and town Had the power to create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking The Parliament had two houses House of Lords House of Commons

France In 843 the Treaty of Verdun had divided the Carolingian Empire The west Frankish land formed the core of France However the kings after Charlemagne did not rule much territory at all Mostly limited to the area around Paris and Orleans Most of France was in the hands of powerful nobles, including the king of England These nobles owned more land and had more power than the king and ruled as they pleased

Philip II Augustus His rule was the turning point in the growth of the French monarchy He took back French territories from war Increased the income and power of the French monarchy

Philip IV the Fair Began the first French parliament, the Estates-General Meeting of the three estates (classes) First Estate = clergy Second Estate = nobles Third Estate = commoners

Holy Roman Empire This was the German area and had been the eastern part of Charlemagne’s empire It was divided into numerous small states, ruled over by dukes and princes Otto I – best known Saxon king Was crowned Emperor of the Romans for protecting the pope The territories united under Otto became known as the Holy Roman Empire

Called holy because it had the pope’s support Called Roman because Charlemagne had held the title Emperor of the Roman People when he ruled that area The Holy Roman Emperors made decisions and passed laws with the help of the dukes and princes These dukes and princes maintained full authority in their own lands Starting in the 1100s, Holy Roman Emperors no longer inherited their titles, but were elected Seven Electors had the right to elect the new emperor

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Spain Spain had been conquered by Muslims in the 700s Called Moors by the Christians These Christian states embarked on a series of campaigns to retake their lands from the Muslims Called the Reconquista = reconquest It was led by the largest of the Christian kingdoms, Castile These Christian kingdoms won victory after victory over the Moors In the 1100s Portugal was able to completely free itself

The last Muslim stronghold was defeated in 1492 with the defeat of Granada A major step in unifying Spain occurred with the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 They pursued a strict policy of conformity to Catholicism 1492 – all professed Jews were expelled from Spain, followed by the Muslims To be Spanish was to be Catholic

RUSSIA In the early 13th century the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, invaded Russia The Mongols left local princes in control, but require them to pay tribute Russia was isolated from the rest of Europe due to Mongol rule Russia was eventually freed from foreign domination in 1480