Cold War Chapter 18 Section 1

Clashing Soviet Union and United States Rival superpowers after war Became more suspicious of each other Bitter rivalry begins Stalin angry U.S. did not attack Europe quick enough Secret of the Atomic Bomb

Soviet Union Communism The state controlled all property and economic activity Totalitarian government with no opposing parties

United States Capitalism Private citizens controlled almost all economic activity Voting by the people elected a president and a congress from competing political parties

United Nations April 25, 1945 50 nations San Francisco 2 months of debate Hopes for world peace Peace keeping body Became an area in which the two superpowers competed Forum to spread their influence over others

Potsdam Conference July 1945 Germany Take reparations from own occupation zones Final wartime conference Spreading of democracy Right to self determination (each country could chose what type of gov. they wanted) U.S./ Soviet Union very powerful Enormous economic / military strength

United States Industry bombed during the war Continue growing the U.S wanted to have access to the raw materials that were in Eastern Europe Also wanted to be able to sell goods to Eastern European countries

Soviet Union Emerged from the war as a nation of enormous economic and military strength They had suffered heavily from the war Deaths 20+ million ½ were civilians They felt justified in their claims in Eastern Europe Communist installments were in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Poland These nations will be known as the Satellite Nations By dominating they could stop any future invasion

Containment Truman felt it was time to stop “babysitting the Soviets” 1946- George F. Kennan proposed a policy of containment American diplomat in Moscow His policy was taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries This policy guided Truman’s administration foreign policy

“Iron Curtain” Europe was mostly divided into two political regions Democratic Western Europe Communist Eastern Europe “Iron Curtain” came to stand for this division

European goals for U.S. and Soviet Union Let all countries decide what they want to be Gain access to raw materials Rebuild European gov. so U.S. could trade with them Reunite Germany Soviets Establish communism Control eastern Europe to keep U.S. influence out Keep Germany divided and weak

Cold War Cold war: 1945-1991 Would dominate global affairs Conflicting U.S and Soviet aims in Eastern Europe Never directly confronting each other No shot ever fired End with Soviet Unions break up

Truman Doctrine Giving aid to countries who where threatened to be taken over Economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey Asked congress for $400 million dollars Truman stated that “It must be the policy of the U.S. to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

Marshall Plan George Marshall Secretary of State June 1947 Provide aid to all European nations that needed it Europe was in chaos Aftermath of WWII Helped the economy it Western Europe 1952- Western Europe was flourishing and the Communist party had lost much of it’s appeal to voters

Germany Split into 4 zones Britain, France, and the United States combined their three zones Western Berlin was occupied by the French Soviets surrounded Berlin They had no written agreement with the Soviets guaranteeing free access to Berlin by road or rail Stalin wants all of Berlin 1948 he closed all highway and rail routes into Western Berlin No fuel or food could reach the West Berlin Residents of the city only had food to last for 5 weeks

Berlin Airlift Fly food and supplies into Western Berlin 327 days planes took off every few minutes around the clock 227,00 flights 2.3 million tons of supplies Food, fuel, medicine Christmas presents Western Berlin survived because of the airlift 1949 Soviets lifted the blockade

NATO Berlin blockade increased Western Europeans fear of Soviet Unions Aggression Many Western European nations allied with the United States and Canada Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal First time in history the U.S had entered into a military alliance with other nations during peacetime Cold war would end any hope that the United States would return to isolationism North Atlantic Treaty Organization April 4,1949 NATO Defensive military alliance 500,000 thousand troops and thousands of planes, tanks and other equipment