Introduction to Anatomy/Physiology Adrienne Deckard 2011-2012

The Study of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: morphology and organization Physiology: function; emphasis on mechanisms

Levels of Organization Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecules Atoms WHAT’S THE PURPOSE?

Homeostasis “homeo” = same “stasis” = standing Internal environment of cells must maintain a constant temperature, pressure, and chemical composition External environment is constantly changing

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Device for restoring/maintaining homeostasis Involves all of the body’s organ systems Increase in Breathing rate to remove excess CO2 Increase in CO2 production (waste product) Exercise

Feedback Control Loop Complex integrated control system Required by homeostatic control mechanisms to accomplish self-regulation 3 Components: Sensor Integration (Control) Center Effector

Feedback Control Loop Stimulus Detected by Action by SENSOR EFFECTOR Processed by INTEGRATION CENTER

Dynamic Constancy Conditions are stabilized above and below the set point Set point is analogous to the number you set a thermostat to Range is the normal deviation from that set point

SET POINT RANGE

Negative Feedback Control Inhibitory Produces an action opposite of the change Stabilizes the internal environment Ex. Temperature control

Positive Feedback Control Stimulatory Reinforces change to internal environment Few examples in the body Childbirth, blood clotting What would happen if your temperature maintenance was on a positive feedback control loop?

HOMEOSTASIS LAB

Anatomical Position Provides a common point of reference Upright Feet flat and parallel Head level and eyes forward Arms to sides Palms facing and thumbs up

Directional Terminology It’s all RELATIVE; one landmark is _____ to another. Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Deckard Says

Planes and Sections Plane: imaginary border slicing through a specimen Section: actual slice of specimen cut along a plane

Types of Planes/Sections Sagittal Divides into right and left parts Midsagittal Divides down center into right and left halves

Types of Planes/Sections Transverse/Horizontal Divides into top and bottom parts Frontal/Coronal Divides into front and back parts

Types of Planes/Sections Oblique Divides at an angle Gummi Bear Sections Lab

Body Regions P. 16-17 Abdominal - Vertebral Deckard Says Body Regions Barbie Pin the Tail on the Body Regions

Body Cavities Cranial Cav. Vertebral Cav. Thoracic Cav. Pleural Cav. Pericardial Cav. Diaphragm 4. Abdominopelvic Cav. Abdominal Cav. Pelvic Cav. What organs are found in each cavity?

FETAL PIG DISSECTION Respect of Specimen Dissection Technique Directional Terminology Planes/Sections Body Regions Body Cavities