Entente/Allied Group: Serbia Russia France Britain Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary

1914-18 Iran is battleground for conflict of Russians, British, Germans and Ottomans 1921 Iran finally manages to get rid of foreign occupants, though oil industry remains under British domination

August 1914 Ottomans enter war on Central Powers’ side December 1914 British declare protectorate over Egypt 1917-18 Egyptians drafted into British forces

‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Sa‘ud

Husayn of Mecca (r. 1916-24) Sir Henry Macmahon

Sykes-Picot Agreement, May 16th, 1916

2nd November 1917 Lord Balfour sends “Balfour Declaration,” committing British government to the establishment of Jewish state in Palestine, provided rights of non-Jews in the region and Jews elsewhere are respected

T.E. Lawrence, a.k.a. Lawrence of Arabia

30th October 1918 Ottomans surrender 1919 Paris Peace Conference. Foundation of League of Nations 1920 San Remo Agreements and Treaty of Sèvres 1923 Treaty of Lausanne

1919 Italians, Greeks, French and British face Turkish resistance 1920 Turks elect Mustafa Kemal president Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk, 1881-1938)

Sept 1922 Mustafa Kemal has negotiated peace with French and defeated British and Greeks Both Mustafa Kemal and Ottoman sultan are invited to Lausanne conference of 1922-23, but sultan is deposed before it, and afterwards Turkish republic is created

1930 Anglo-Iraqi treaty 1932 Mandate for Iraq terminated, Iraq enters League of Nations 1936-41 Series of coups King Faysal of Iraq (r. 1921-33)