The Trace Minerals Lailatul Muniroh,SKM.,M.Kes Department of Nutritional Health School of Public Health, The University of Airlangga An essential mineral nutrient found in the human body in amounts less than 5 grams, also known as micro minerals

Interactions Excess of one may cause a deficiency of another (a slight of manganese overload, may aggravate iron deficiency) A deficiency of one may interfere with the work of another (a selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormones) A deficiency of a trace mineral may even open the way for the contaminant mineral to cause a toxic reaction (iron deficiency makes the body vulnerable to lead poisoning)

A. Iron Ferrous iron (reduced): Fe ++ Ferric iron (oxidized): Fe +++ Both too little and too much in the body can be harmful Ferrous iron (reduced): Fe ++ Ferric iron (oxidized): Fe +++ Iron as a Cofactor to enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reaction

Functions: Hemoglobin formation The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen Part of myoglobin Carries oxygen in the body Energy utilization

Iron Absorption

Iron Recycled in the Body

Iron deficiency The Most Common Nutrient Deficiency Affecting 1.2 billion people 50% of School Children and Pregnant Women Suffer from Iron Deficiency Anemia (Developing Country) High Risk : Women in their reproductive year, Pregnant Women, Infants and Young Children, Teenagers

Anemia – Kurang Zat Besi Tidak Anemia Tidak pucat Anemia Pucat Tidak Anemia Tidak pucat Tidak Anemia Tidak pucat Anemia Pucat

Toxicity Symptoms Iron overload Infections Liver injury Acidosis Shock

Heme & Nonheme Iron

Food Sources Beef Clams Spinach Green leafy veggies Beans Fortified grains

RDA of Iron Men = Women 51+ = 8 mg/day Women 19-50 = 18 mg/day Vegetarian RDA = RDA x 1.8 UL for Adults = 45 mg/day Young children, 200 mg/day = deadly