Roots Section 23.2.

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Presentation transcript:

Roots Section 23.2

What are the two different types of root systems? Taproots – Primary roots grows long, thin and thick Gives rise to smaller branch roots In some cases, such as oak and hickory trees – grow so large they can reach water several meters down Carrots, dandelions and beets – all examples of short taproots that store sugars and starches Fibrous root systems - many equally sized branch roots All grow separately from the base of the stem No single root grows larger than the rest Help prevent soil erosion

Anatomy of a root Roots contain, dermal (epidermis), vascular and ground tissues Key role in water and mineral transport Epidermis – protection and absorption Covered with root hairs that produce large surface area – maximizing efficiency Ground tissue – Cortex Material flows through the cortex and acts as storage area for products of photosynthesis Endodermis encloses vascular cylinder Vascular tissue – enclosed in vascular cylinder Apical meristem – produce new cells near root tip, causing roots to grow Protected by root cap Cap also secretes slippery substance easing progress through the soil Cap cells constantly destroyed and replaced

What are the main functions of a root? Roots support a plant, anchor it to the ground, store food, and absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil Uptake of nutrients Soil can vary a lot from place to place – texture and composition Determine which kinds of plants can grow in the soil Plants require a lot of different nutrients Main ones are Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium Alongside trace elements Possible to have too much of a good thing!

What nutrients does a plant need?

Root functions continued… Active transport of dissolved nutrients Cell membranes of root hairs and other epidermis cells contain active transport proteins Energy required to move particles against a concentration gradient across a membrane Osmosis Due to accumulation of nutrients, water will follow nutrients into the roots Although water is not pumped, it will accumulate Movement into vascular cylinder Water and minerals pass the inner boundary of the cortex and move towards the vascular cylinder Endodermis encloses vascular cylinder Caspian strip – waxy layer that surrounds vascular tissue Forces water and minerals to pass through cell membrane of endodermis Endodermis cells can filter and control the water and dissolved nutrients that enter vascular cylinder Ensure that nutrients do not leak back out Results in one way passage

Root pressure explained The one way system in plants is very important Allows plants to generate enough pressure to move water out of the soil and into the body of the plant As water is contained by Caspian strip – the only way it can go is up! But, this is just the beginning….

Key points questions What are the main functions of a root? How are tissues distributed in a plant root? How is osmosis involved in the the absorption of water and minerals? What is the Caspian strip? What role does it play in water transport? Why is this so important?