Aim: Animal Nutrition/Human Digestion Warm-up: What is the main goal of the digestive system? Regents Biology

What do animals need to live? Animals make energy using: food oxygen Animals build bodies using: food for raw materials amino acids, sugars, fats, nucleotides ATP energy for synthesis food ATP O2 mitochondria Regents Biology

Different diets; different lives All animals eat other organisms Herbivores eat mainly plants gorillas, cows, rabbits, snails Carnivores eat other animals sharks, hawks, spiders, snakes Omnivores eat animals & plants cockroaches, bears, raccoons, humans humans evolved as hunters, scavengers & gatherers Regents Biology

Getting & Using Food Ingest Digest Absorb intracellular digestion taking in food Digest mechanical digestion breaking up food into smaller pieces chemical digestion breaking down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into cells enzymes Absorb absorb across cell membrane diffusion active transport Eliminate undigested material passes out of digestive system intracellular digestion extracellular digestion Regents Biology

Ingestion MOUTH MECHANICAL digestion CHEMICAL digestion teeth SALIVA breaking up food CHEMICAL digestion SALIVA 1) AMYLASE enzyme digests starch 2) MUCIN AKA - (mucus) protects soft lining of digestive system lubricates food for easier swallowing 3) Anti-bacterial chemicals kill bacteria that enter mouth with food Regents Biology

Swallowing (& not choking) Epiglottis flap of cartilage closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing food travels down esophagus Peristalsis involuntary muscle contractions to move food along Regents Biology

Stomach Functions food storage disinfect food CHEMICAL DIGESTION can stretch to fit ~2L food disinfect food HCl = pH 2 kills bacteria CHEMICAL DIGESTION pepsin enzyme breaks down proteins Still, the epithelium is continually eroded, and the epithelium is completely replaced by mitosis every three days. Gastric ulcers, lesions in the stomach lining, are caused by the acid- tolerant bacterium Heliobacter pylori. Ulcers are often treated with antibiotics. Pepsin is secreted in an inactive form, called pepsinogen by specialized chief cells in gastric pits. Parietal cells, also in the pits, secrete hydrochloric acid which converts pepsinogen to the active pepsin only when both reach the lumen of the stomach, minimizing self-digestion. Also, in a positive-feedback system, activated pepsin can activate more pepsinogen molecules. Regents Biology

Stomach Rugae – folds in the stomach that move to break up food mechanically Pepsin– chemically digest proteins Goblet cells – protects the stomach from acids

Lap Band Regents Biology

Ulcers Used to think ulcers were caused by stress tried to control with antacids Now know ulcers caused by bacterial infection of stomach Regents Biology

Revolutionizing healthcare 2005 Nobel prize in medicine J. Robin Warren Barry Marshall Regents Biology

Small intestine Function Structure CHEMICAL digestion major organ of digestion & absorption absorption through lining over 6 meters! Structure 3 sections duodenum = most digestion jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water ileum = absorption of nutrients & water About every 20 seconds, the stomach contents are mixed by the churning action of smooth muscles. As a result of mixing and enzyme action, what begins in the stomach as a recently swallowed meal becomes a nutrient-rich broth known as acid chyme. At the opening from the stomach to the small intestine is the pyloric sphincter, which helps regulate the passage of chyme into the intestine. A squirt at a time, it takes about 2 to 6 hours after a meal for the stomach to empty.

Duodenum 1st section of small intestines acid food from stomach mixes with digestive juices from: pancreas liver gall bladder

Liver Function produces bile bile stored in gallbladder until needed breaks up fats

Pancreas Digestive enzymes Buffers digest proteins digest starch trypsin, chymotrypsin digest starch amylase Buffers neutralizes acid from stomach

Large intestines (colon) Function re-absorb water use ~9 liters of water every day in digestive juices > 90% of water reabsorbed not enough water absorbed DIARRHEA too much water absorbed CONSTIPATION

You’ve got company! Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria E. coli produce vitamins vitamin K; B vitamins generate gases by-product of bacterial metabolism methane, hydrogen sulfide

Appendix

Absorption by Small Intestines Absorption through VILLI finger-like projections increase surface area for absorption

Different diets; different bodies Herbivore vs. Carnivore teeth length of digestive system number & size of stomachs

Teeth Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore sharp ripping teeth “canines” wide grinding teeth molars Omnivore both kinds of teeth

Length of digestive system Herbivores & omnivores long digestive systems harder to digest cellulose (cell walls) bacteria in intestines help Carnivores short digestive systems protein easier to digest than cellulose

Eating a balanced diet What happens if an animal’s diet is missing an essential nutrient? deficiency diseases scurvy — vitamin C (collagen production) rickets — vitamin D (calcium absorption) blindness — vitamin A (retinol production) anemia — vitamin B12 (energy production) kwashiorkor — protein Digestive System

mouth ▪break up food ▪digest starch ▪kill germs ▪moisten food stomach ▪kills germs ▪break up food ▪digest proteins ▪store food liver ▪produces bile - stored in gall bladder ▪break up fats small intestines ▪breakdown food - proteins - starch - fats ▪absorb nutrients pancreas ▪produces enzymes to digest proteins & carbs large intestines absorb water