Icebreaker Of the Towns Memphis, Jackson, and Somerville, which ones would have the following: gas station? fast-food restaurant? general practitioner? shopping center? shopping mall? movie theater? theater for plays or performances? professional piano tuner? lawyer for traffic court? neurosurgeon? thrift store? lawyer for international litigation? luxury fashion shop (e.g., Fendi, Prada, Versace)?

Figure: 12-01 Title: Percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) from services, 2005. Caption: Services contribute more than two-thirds of GDP in more developed countries (MDCs), compared to less than one-half in less developed countries (LDCs).

Figure: 12-02 Title: Employment change in the United States by sector. Caption: All of the growth in employment since 1970 has been in the tertiary sector, whereas employment has remained unchanged in the primary and secondary sectors. Within the tertiary sector the greatest increase has occurred in professional services.

Threshold and Range Range Maximum distance… Ex: McDonalds – large or small? Ex: Shopping Mall – large or small? Based on distance for most. Threshold Minimum # of people to support a service Ex: Department store – high or low? Ex: Jewelry store – high or low? Lower Order Goods – Necessity or convenience goods; bought frequently such as bread, milk, newspaper, etc. Higher Order Goods – luxury or shopping goods used infrequently

Figure: 12-08 Title: Convenience stores. Caption: Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and United Dairy Farmers (UDF) convenience stores (right) in the Dayton, Ohio, metropolitan area. Fewer stores are in the southwest and northeast, which are predominantly industrial areas, and in the west, which contains lower-income residents. Compared to Kroger supermarkets, UDF stores are more numerous and have smaller market areas, ranges, and thresholds.

Population 1 x Population 2 The Gravity Model Suggests that the greater the sphere of influence a city has, the greater its impact on other cities around it. There will be more migration b/w two large cities than between two smaller ones regardless of distance. This model not only takes into account migration but phone calls between them, trade, etc. Population 1 x Population 2 Distance2

Central Place Theory Central Place – Market center for exchange of goods and services Central Place Theory – concept that explains spatial distribution of patterns and settlements around a central place Hinterland – The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted

Assumptions of Central Place theory Christaller stated that humans will always purchase goods from the closest place Whenever demand for a certain good is high, it will be offered in close proximity to the population. When demand drops, so too does the availability of the good Flat Isotrophic Plane Transportation equality Based on Germany in the 1800s

Figure: 12-05 Title: Why hexagons are used in theory to delineate market areas. Caption: (a) Circles are equidistant from center to edge, but they overlap or leave gaps. (b) Squares nest together without gaps, but their sides are not equidistant from the center. (c) Geographers use hexagons to depict the market area of a good or service, because hexagons offer a compromise between the geometric properties of circles and squares.

Figure: 12-07 Title: Central place theory. Caption: According to central place theory, market areas are arranged in a regular pattern. Larger market areas, based in larger settlements, are fewer in number and farther apart from each other than smaller market areas and settlements. However, larger settlements also provide goods and services with smaller market areas; consequently, larger settlements have both larger and smaller market areas drawn around them.

Primate City A City that holds economic, political, and cultural sway over a country Typically thought of as largest city is 2times or greater than next largest Not all countries have primate cities USA?

Figure: 12-09 Title: Rank-size distribution of settlements in the United States and Romania. Caption: (top line) U.S. settlements generally follow the rank-size distribution, as reflected by their nearly straight line on this logarithmic display. (bottom line) Romania has a shortage of settlements in two size groups: between 320,000 and 2 million population, and fewer than 10,000 inhabitants. These gaps are reflected in the irregular shape of the line.

Bid Rent Theory http://www.answers.com/topic/bid-rent-theory