THE ATOM

What is an Atom? The smallest particle of any material. Each element is made up of a specific type of atom. EX: Hydrogen, and Oxygen

“Protons, Electrons & Neutrons Oh My” The atom is made up of three basic particles The Proton The Electron The Neutron Each particle has a specific charge and location with in an atom.

The Always Positive Proton Protons are positively charged subatomic particles. They are located in the nucleus of an atom. The symbol for the proton p+. +

The Neutron Neutrons are neutral subatomic particles, that means they have no charge. They are also located in the Nucleus. The Symbol for the Neutron is “n”.

ISOTOPES Some atoms have more neutrons then they have protons. These atoms are called Isotopes.

The Always Negative Electron Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles. Their symbol is “e-”. Their location orbiting around the nucleus. -

The Next Level Electrons do not all stay inside the nucleus like the Protons or Neutrons. Electrons orbit around the nucleus in an orbital.

The orbits Each orbital has a specific number of electrons it can hold. The orbitals fill from the inside out.

Electrons The electrons on the outer orbit are called valence electrons.

Periodic Table You can use the periodic table to figure out the number of protons and electrons an atom has.

Create your atom Pick and element off the periodic table and draw a picture of that atom.

The Stable Atom Atoms like to be stable. Only when an atom’s outer orbital is filled is it stable. Atoms will combine or react with each other to become stable.

Types of Bonds A chemical bond is when two atoms join their electrons. There are four main types of bonds. Ionic Bonds Metallic Bonds Covalent Bonds Hydrogen Bonds

Ionic Bonds Some atoms are able to fill their outer orbital by giving up or gaining an electron. In other words STEALING!

Ionic bonds When an atom gives up an electron the atom has more protons then electrons and becomes positively charged. When an atom gains an electron the atom has more electrons than protons and becomes negatively charged.

Ionic Compounds Positively charged atoms are attracted to negatively charged atoms. When they come together they form an ionic compound.

Ions An atom that loses an electron has a positive charge, we call these CATIONS. An atom that gains an electron has a negative charge, we call these ANIONS.

Metallic Bonds When metal atoms bond they each kick out an electron. These electrons can float freely around each atom. Since the atoms are now positively charged they are attracted to the sea of electrons and are bonded.

Covalent Bonding Some times atoms can share electrons to fill their outer orbital. When they share their Valence electrons they combine to form a molecule. Sharing = covalent bond

Hydrogen Bonds When hydrogens combine with other atoms the Hydrogens stay slightly positive and the other atom stays slightly negative. This is called polarity.

Hydrogen Bonds When two polar molecules come together the weakly positive hydrogen will be attracted to the weakly negative other atom. Water is the best example.