ATOM : defined by number of p+ behavior described by n, e-

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Presentation transcript:

ATOM : defined by number of p+ behavior described by n, e- ION loss/gain of e- becomes charged ISOTOPE changed neutron changed mass OCTET RULE beyond He, filled orbit has is 8 e- CHEM REVIEW ATOM : defined by number of p+ behavior described by n, e-

VALENCE ELECTRONS the number in outer shell/orbit determines if atom forms bonds with other atoms OCTET RULE

VALENCE yields OXIDATION NUMBER The number of electrons an atom will easily accept, donate or share OCTET RULE

ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN) how effectively an atom attracts e- Highest = high proton #, few orbitals

when difference in EN is great Metal to non-metal Li is oxidized (Na+) Fl is reduced (Fl-) a cation is produced an anion is produced opposites attract = IONIC BOND Metal with a nonmetal; when difference in EN is great Non-Metals

Non-metal to non-metal less difference in EN COVALENT BONDING atoms share e- Non-metal to non-metal less difference in EN a stronger bond when in sol’n http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0073532223/811313/Ionic_ vs_Covalent_Bonding.swf::Ionic%20vs.%20Covalent%20Bonding http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=55

NON-POLAR COVALENT If EN are equal then e- are shared evenly If EN are not equal but there is charge symmetry 3.44 : 3.44 3.44 : 2.55 : 3.44

POLAR COVALENT less EN difference lack charge symmetry overall neutral charge regions of partial opposite charges 2.20 : 3.98

WATER is a polar molecule

http://www. dynamicscience. com http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions/chemistry/electronegativity.htm

Some large molecules have both polar and non-polar regions …as in detergents …and in the phospholipids of the plasma membrane

Brownian motion and diffusion review?