Martin Luther wrote and posted the 95 Theses in 1517. a) Identify and explain ONE change in Europe after the 95 Theses 1517-1648. Religious pluralism  Catholicism and varieties of Protestantism; specific example Increased literacy at all levels of society  Belief on both sides that increased education would improve religion insistence on lay people reading Bible (Calvin’s Geneva or Ursuline nuns) Monarchs and nobles gain more economic and political power while Catholic Church loses some b) Identify and explain ONE continuity in Europe after the 95 Theses 1517-1648 Majority Europeans remain Catholic Everyone still cares about religion Continued political conflicts between nobles and monarchs c) Explain whether the 95 Theses created more changes or resulted in more continuities in Europe from 1517-1648. Could argue both sides but you needed SPECIFIC EVIDENCE to back it up.

French Civil War Habsburg-Valois Wars

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Many historians label The Edict of Nantes as a turning point in European history. a) Identify and explain ONE change in France after the Edict of Nantes. After the Edict of Nantes, religious and political warfare between the Huguenots and Catholics ceased in France. Like much of the wars of religion, the fighting was more motivated by political rather than religion reasons as antimonarchical French nobles used Calvinism to gain political independence from the monarchy. However, the French monarchy usurped power from all of the nobility, Catholic and Huguenot, paving the way for absolutism in France.

Many historians label The Edict of Nantes as a turning point in European history. Identify and explain ONE continuity in France after the Catholicism remained the dominant religion in France due to the French monarchy and Catholic Church’s mutually beneficial political deal called the Concordat of Bologna. The French monarchy could appoint their own clergymen, giving them political and religious independence from Rome, but France remained submissive to the Pope. The fact that France remained predominantly Catholic reflects the rest of Europe which also remained mostly Catholic despite the growth of the Protestant Reformation.

Many historians label The Edict of Nantes as a turning point in European history. c) Describe and explain ONE reason for the change and ONE reason for the continuity. The reason the French monarchy, under Henry IV, was able to gain more power, thus centralizing the French state, was because Henry was a politique. This meant that Henry shrewdly recognized that religion would tear apart the state; political unification was more important than religion and the only way to ensure this unity was to accept religious pluralism.

Protestantism in Netherlands and France The Netherlands France Differences Division of country between Calvinist and Catholic areas Netherlands becomes Protestant country that encourages religious toleration. Government power localized Internal civil war between Huguenots and Catholics Unification of country under Henry IV and Edict of Nantes Country ruled by Catholic monarch with minority rights Leads to Absolute monarchy Similarities Calvinist Both countries temporarily solve t religious issues

Big Ideas Issues of religious reform exacerbated conflicts between the monarchy and the nobility as in the French wars of religion. States exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests as in United Provinces gaining independence from Spain.