Manipulating an organism’s genome using biotechnology Genetic Engineering Manipulating an organism’s genome using biotechnology

Transgenic Organisms Organisms with altered genomes through biotechnology Microorganisms Insulin production Clotting Factors Plants (Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs) Insect resistant Weather Resistant Animals Agriculture Medicine Commercial Fastfoward video to 5:15 or so….it will progress to the continuation of the video-watch until about 7 minutes in on the second video

Making an exact genetic copy of an organism Cloning Making an exact genetic copy of an organism Why clone? Medical purposes Reviving extinct or endangered organisms Pet trade Under “Organism” is a link to clone a mouse Video link on pet trade at 24:12- 40:45 this will cover 1, 2, & 3 on this slide.

Cells that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cells Stem Cells Cells that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cells Why study stem cells? They are unspecialized & can reproduce (mitosis) 2. They can be induced to become specific cells with specific functions. Great info: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/quickref/ Link to new stem cell developments http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/stem-cells-breakthrough.html Two types: Embryonic Adult

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Gene editing mechanism Idea from how bacteria fight viral infections Three Part System: Cas9 enzyme – molecular scissors RNA sequence – directs enzyme to specific sequence to cut New DNA sequence to insert is introduced After cut, the cell frantically tries to repair DNA so giving it the instructions to change is easy

CRISPR Benefits Disadvantages Already been done: Technology – cheap & user friendly Cure disease Study genome (98% non protein coding) Disadvantages Designer babies? Already been done: Monkeys with mutations to prevent HIV Child cured of leukemia Malaria resistant mosquitos

DNA Fingerprinting A method of isolating and making images of a person’s unique DNA sequence Process: Gel Electrophoresis with help from restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes cut DNA at certain base sequences…..everyone (except identical twins) will have different size segments We use “junk” DNA – the part of our sequences that are different Gel Electrophoresis link to DNA fingerprinting interactive

DNA Fingerprints 1st – identical vs fraternal twins