Functions of Respiratory System Ventilation - moves air to and from alveoli Gas exchange between air and circulating blood Defend respiratory system from pathogens Help homeostasis of: blood volume, pH, and pressure Permit vocal communication

Respiration Ventilation- environment and lungs External Respiration – alveoli and blood Internal respiration – Blood and cells Cellular Respiration – Biochemical inside cell

Respiratory organs Respiratory organs Divided into: Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses Pharynx, larynx, and trachea Bronchi and smaller branches Lungs and alveoli Divided into: upper lower

External nares

Upper respiratory system Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Functions Warm, Filter and Humidify incoming air Lower Respiratory System Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

The Nose Provides an airway for respiration Moistens and warms air Filters inhaled air Houses olfactory receptors

PARANASAL SINUSES

Respiratory Epithelium. Lines conducting portions Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells PSCC Produces mucus to trap foreign particles

Respiratory Epithelium.

cilia rhythmically ‘sweeps’ debris up to be swallowed or expelled at pharynx Mucus escalator Alveolar macrophage Hairs in nose Cilia - lining respiratory tract

External nares Open into nasal cavity Vestibule guarded by hairs Nasal cavity Superior, middle and inferior meatuses Narrow grooves and concha surfaces Hard palate Nasal and oral cavities Soft palate Superior nasopharynx and pharynx Internal nares Between nasal cavity and nasopharynx

The Pharynx Shared by digestive and respiratory systems Nasopharynx Superior portion: from internal nares to uvula. Oropharynx Continuous with oral cavity Laryngopharynx Between hyoid and entrance to esophagus

Nasopharynx Superior to the point where food enters Only an air passageway Closed off during swallowing Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) Located on posterior wall Destroys entering pathogens Contains the opening to the auditory tube

Oropharynx Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis Epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium Two tonsils in the oropharynx Palatine tonsils – in the lateral walls Lingual tonsils – covers the posterior surface of the tongue

Laryngopharynx Passageway for both food and air Lined with stratified squamous epithelium Continuous with the esophagus and larynx

The Lower Respiratory System Surrounds glottis - air passes through glottis to reach lungs Epiglottis - prevents solids from entering respiratory system Larynx

During swallowing, elevation of the larynx folds epiglottis over the glottis, steering materials into the esophagus.

Trachea Submucosa includes “C” rings of cartilage Tracheal cartilages Stiffen tracheal walls and protect airway Posterior wall distorts allowing food passage through esophagus

Left and Right 1o Bronchi Right and left primary bronchi Trachea branches within mediastinum Bronchial tree Enters lungs at hilus Root of lung Bronchus, primary vessels, nerves Bronchial tree – extensively branching respiratory passageways Primary bronchi (main bronchi) – largest bronchi Right main bronchi – wider and shorter than the left

Lungs Right lung has three lobes Left lung has two lobes Superior lobar, middle lobar and inferior lobar bronchi Left lung has two lobes Superior lobar and inferior lobar bronchi Cardiac notch

Secondary (lobar) bronchi Three on the right Two on the left Tertiary (segmental) bronchi Branch into each lung segment Bronchioles – little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter Terminal bronchioles – less than 0.5 mm in diameter

Bronchi and Bronchioles

For clarity, the degree of branching has been reduced: an airway branches approximately 23 times before reaching the level of a lobule.

Fig 24.11

Alveolus – cells and composition Simple squamous epithelium (type I) Septal cells (type II) Produce surfactant Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) Patrol epithelium Engulf foreign particles

Basic structure of a lobule, cut to reveal the arrangement between the alveolar ducts and alveoli.

Respiratory Membrane Respiratory Membrane (blood-air Barrier) “point of gas exchange”  Alveolar Epithelium simple squamous epithelia Fused basement membrane Capillary endothelium simple squamous epithelia

Respiratory Epithelium Air epithelia tissue Nasal cavity stratified squamous Nasopharynx PSCC Oropharynx stratified squamous Laryngopharynx stratified squamous Larynx PSCC Trachea PSCC Rt./Lt. primary bronchi PSCC Secondary (lobar) bronchi PSCC Tertiary (segmental) bronchi PSCC Terminal bronchioles simple cuboidal Respiratory bronchioles simple cuboidal Alveolar duct simple squamous Alveolar sac simple squamous Alveolus simple squamous

Ep=pscc Subm=tunica submucosa Cart=tracheal ring Adv=tunica adventitia (externa)

Respiratory Muscles Ventilation - movement of air into and out of lungs.

Eupnea - normal quite breathing at rest. Inspiration:  volume of thoracic cavity. Muscle activity required: Diaphragm External Intercostals Sternocleidomastoid

When Forcefully exhaling (hypereupnea): Muscles used: Internal Intercostals Rectus abdominis Transverse abdominis, Internal and External obliques.

Bronchial asthma – a type of allergic inflammation A hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or to stress Asthma attacks characterized by: Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle Secretion of mucus in airways Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult Obstructive emphysema Chronic bronchitis History of smoking

Cystic fibrosis (CF) – inherited disease Exocrine gland function is disrupted Respiratory system affected by: Over secretion of viscous mucus Epistaxis – nosebleed Epiglottitis – inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis Dyspnea – difficulty in breathing Apnea – cessation of breathing