European Expansion

European Expansion How was Expansion a movement of “discovery”? How can we describe the “good” and “evil” of Expansion?

European Expansion

The Historical Context Mongol Empire disintegrated  trade network collapsed Expansion of Ottoman Empire Europeans wanted to bypass Mediterranean

The Historical Context New Tools for Navigation New, more accurate maps Globes New ship designs Ships were larger (400-1,000 tons) Perfection of caravels Could now travel oceans! Caravel

Portugal Prince Henry “the Navigator” (1394-1460) Eager to find new route to Asia around Africa Established school for mariners? Sponsored expeditions to explore African coast

Portugal Portuguese Exploration Bartholomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Rounded southern tip of Africa (1487) Vasco da Gama Sailed around tip of Africa (1497) Reached Calicut, India (1498)

Portugal African Slave Trade Result of growing labor shortages in New World (15th cent.) Portuguese-African negotiations Slaves captured by fellow Africans Portuguese exchanged goods for slaves

Portugal The African Slave Trade (15th cent.) Miserable, dangerous journey to New World Slave work Field and plantation workers Brutal conditions

Portugal

Portugal The Portuguese Empire Possessed territories from South America to Asia Trading posts

Portugal Questions?

Spain Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Genoese mariner Beliefs about Asia Far closer than we think! Could be reached by sailing due west Initially could not find interest Queen Isabella became first sponsor

Spain First Voyage of Columbus (1492-93) Landed at San Salvador, Bahamas Explored coastline of Cuba and Hispaniola First encounter with natives  warmly received

Spain

Spain Other Spanish Accomplishments Columbus discovered not Asia, but whole new continent! The Pacific Ocean (1513) Circumnavigation of world (1519-1522)

Spain The Aztec Empire Associated with Mexico Emperor: Montezuma II (r. 1502-1520) Capital: TENOCHTITLÁN Huge island city Cultural center Religion Polytheistic Human sacrifice Tyrannical

Spain Tenochtitlán

Spain Tenochtitlán

Spain The Conquest of the Aztecs Attacked by Cortés and conquistadors Captured Montezuma Took capital (1521)  collapse of empire Why victory? Aided by angry subjects of Aztecs Superior weapons and horses Disease Cortés

Spain The Inca Empire Center: Peru Capital: Cuzco Rumored to be very wealthy! Also built on uneasy conquest

Spain The Conquest of the Incas Pizarro and conquistadors marched into Andes Assisted by natives Defeated Incas at Cuzco (1533) Pizarro

Spain The Fruits of Colonization World empire! Tremendously wealthy! COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: blending of Old and New World cultures To Old World: more goods, new foods, new animals, animal products To New World: European culture, Christianity

Spain What of the natives? Natives initially welcoming to Spanish Spanish wanted them enslaved, converted Advocates: Spanish crown, friars Disease wiped out entire populations Those left were subjugated Amerindians suffering from smallpox

Spain Questions?

European Expansion How was Expansion a movement of “discovery”? How can we describe the “good” and “evil” of Expansion?