Introduction to Psychology

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Psychology The Development of Psychological Approaches in History

Structuralism WILLIAM WUNDT (1832-1920) Set up the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany Inner workings of the mind Sensation Perception Attention Introspection Scientific methods to research First time Psychology is considered a scientific discipline G. Stanley Hall – 1st research lab, Johns Hopkins; 1st psychological journal; American Psychological Association

Functionalism WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) Adaptation to environment Based on Darwin’s theory Looks at the function rather than structure of consciousness Development of children Improving learning and education Men vs. Women

Psychoanalysis SIGMUND FREUD (1865 - 1939) Nervous problems which stemmed from unconscious mental forces and conflicts New ideas about: Motivation Child development Personality Abnormal behaviour Process of uncovering patients’ unconscious thoughts by uncovering their past Karen Horney (1885 – 1952) Feminine Psychology

Freudian Terminology Subconscious – the part of the mind that influences actions without one’s full awareness Ego – rational part of the mind or “reality principle” Id – instinct or “pleasure principle” Superego – moral part of the mind or “conscious”

Behaviourism JOHN WATSON (1878-1958) Only study what is observed Mind cannot be observed, therefore study behaviour Behaviour is the result of environmental stimuli Ivan Pavlov – classical conditioning B.F. Skinner – operant conditioning

Humanism ABRAHAM MASLOW (1908-1970) Hierarchy of Needs Reaction to dominance of Psychoanalytic and Behaviourist approaches in 1950s Unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth Humans are not forced into action by drives or environment but can make choices

Cognitive ALBERT BANDURA (1925 - ) Study of mental processes involved in memory, learning and thinking Began in late 19th century but really expanded in the 1950s Recent studies looking at the brain and its processes

Psychology “the science of mind and behaviour” “the way a person or group thinks” - Webster’s Dictionary “The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes, and the factors that influence these processes.” - Wayne Sproule, Our Social World

Sources Sproule, Wayne. Our Social World: An Introduction to Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology. Toronto: Prentice Hall, 2001. Weiten, Wayne and Doug McCann. Psychology: Themes and Variations. Toronto: Thomas Canada Limited, 2007. Haskings-Winner, Jan. Social Science: An Introduction. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, 2011.