All chemicals are made of atoms.

Water Life’s chemical reactions take place in water. Makes up 70-90% of all living organisms. Formula – H2O Water dissolves things.

“Stuff” in Water Solvent – the liquid that dissolves things. Solute – the solid that gets dissolved. Solution – both a solvent and a solute mixed together.

Macromolecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Made of monomers. MONOMER- 1 unit (subunit) POLYMER- multiple monomers chemically bonded.

Molecule Types C – H Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules Have carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms linked together. EX: CH4 Inorganic Molecules Don’t have both carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms linked together. Ex: CO2, NaCl C – H

Lipids Building blocks: Glycerol and Fatty acid chains. (C, H, O) Twice as much energy and calories as carbs Fatty Acid Chains

Examples- Lipids Wax (water proof covering for plants) Oils (liquid at room temperature) Mostly found in plants and fish Energy storage Fats (solid at room temperature) Mostly found in animals Cushions organs Insulates from cold temperatures think whale blubber Steroids – cholesterol, sex hormones Phospholipids – major component of cell membranes

Proteins Building blocks: AMINO ACIDS (C,H,O,N) 20 different amino acids exist for every living organism. Involved in transporting molecules, chemical reactions (act as catalysts). Sequence of A.A. determines protein’s shape and function Examples: * ENZYMES * Insulin * hemoglobin

Amino Acid Subunit NH2 = Amino group COOH = Carboxyl group R = varies among amino acids 20 different A.A. for all organisms. Arrangement of A.A. makes different proteins. AMINO GROUP CARBOXYL GROUP R GROUP

Proteins are Multipurpose Molecules Transport proteins Moves substances (hemoglobin in red blood cells, cell membrane pumps) Structural proteins Build/support structures (hair, finger nails) Immune System proteins Protects from pathogens (skin, antibodies) Contractile proteins Control movement (muscle contraction) Enzymes- Act as CATALYSTS speed up reactions (digestive enzymes) Hormone proteins regulate processes (insulin regulates sugar)

Enzyme Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUn64HY5bug

ENZYMES Catalyst Can be reused!!!! “-ASE” Enzymes are very specific – they bind to reactants known as SUBSTRATES. Substrates bind at a region known as the active site. Enzymes are named after their substrates with an –ase added. Ex: Lactase is the enzyme that digests lactose. (ose means it is a carbohydrate)

Lock and Key model or Substrate becomes a different molecule when enzyme binds to it!