Borchert’s Model Links American urbanization to the dominant transportation mode of the era (epoch) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830) trade dominated by ocean vessels with sails, inland trade is slow with wagon trains. Coastal cities become important (NY, Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah) Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks, trade and population moves inland along rivers and canals (Cincinnati, Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, New Orleans, St. Louis) Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network (Chicago) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine, growth completely disconnected from waterways. Movement toward warmer climates. Flexibility of auto (and air) travel. (suburbs, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles) Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?), also called the High-Technology Epoch. International connections dominate (Miami, San Francisco, Houston, Washington DC, NYC, LA) Cities that emerged in earlier stages may stay relevant or fade if they don’t adjust to new situation (NYC vs. Detroit…….Chicago????) Borchert’s Model

Gateway cities: cities that serve as an entry point to a different civilization, new world or frontier

Gateway Cities

Gateway cities: cities that serve as an entry point to a different civilization, new world or frontier examples include: St. Louis, San Francisco, New York, Istanbul, Miami, Honolulu, Tokyo

The Development of Cities Timeline

Agricultural Villages 10,000 – 8,000 BCE Agriculture is born! Some debate on which came first? Hunting-gathering → agriculture → villages → surplus → specialization → civilization (religion, cities, social stratification, etc.) Hunting-gathering → religion (temple sites), social stratification → agriculture (to feed workers, pilgrims) → villages → civilization (cities) "First came the temple, then the city." Göbekli Tepe

The Rise of Cities Characteristics of Early Agricultural Villages dwellings were equal in size/possessions indicates egalitarian nature of society Cities (circa 3500 BCE) The Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia/Sumer agricultural surplus → specialization social stratification → leadership class (priest-king class) Evident in size and ornamentation of homes Urban elite = organization, organization, organization!!!! levy taxes, demand tribute, build infrastructure writing and record-keeping

The First Urban Revolution 3500 BCE 1500 BCE 3200 BCE 2200 BCE

Evidence of the Independent Innovation of Civilization 1100 BCE 900 BCE

The Greeks and Romans set Western standards for urban morphology Greece = “secondary hearth” not the original area of innovation but it makes significant contributions before further diffusion Ex: Rome = secondary hearth of Christianity (Catholicism) “orthogonal” = gridiron, right angles agora open, spacious squares where Greeks debated, lectured, judges, planned military campaigns, socialized and which was the focus of economic activity the Forum Romans combine both religious and political functions Urban morphology layout of a city, its physical forms and structure Functional zonation how different areas of a city serve different purposes

Cities rise/fall as trade focus changes The Middle Ages (500 – 1300 AD) with the fall of Rome, European urban areas grow slowly or fall into decline. But, outside of Europe cities grow along interior trade routes Silk Road (Samarkand) West African trading cities (Timbuktu)

Cities rise/fall as trade focus changes The Middle Ages (500 – 1300 AD) with the fall of Rome, European urban areas grow slowly or fall into decline. But, outside of Europe cities grow along interior trade routes Silk Road (Samarkand) West African trading cities (Timbuktu) Era of European exploration (1400 – 1700 AD) Most important cities are connected to? Oceanic trade Bombay (Mumbai), Malacca, Batavia (Jakarta), Tokyo, Amsterdam, London, Lisbon, Liverpool, Seville Depends on situation

The Second Urban Revolution beginning in the mid-1700s Closely linked with 2nd Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution displaced farmers (Enclosure Acts) who moved to cities became low paid workers for new industries fast-growing industrial cities fed by agricultural surplus created by 2nd Agricultural Revolution industry creates RR infrastructure that allows factories to move to urban areas increased urbanization provides markets for industrial goods

Early Industrial Cities (mid-1700s – 1800s) Watch “Filthy Cities Episode 3: Industrial New York” for enrichment http://www.pbs.org/video/2365650663/ Cities were unregulated jumbles of activity, open spaces (like roads, empty lots) were garbage dumps, overcrowded tenements, pollution and sewage. Living and working conditions were shocking!!!

Industrial Cities Improve (late 1800s – current) Reforms, unions and industrial efficiency clean up cities, improve working conditions and improve the standard of living Today, cities: afford people the time to innovate. are centers of political power, industrial might, higher education, technical innovation, artistic achievement and medical advances. are great markets, centers of specialization and interaction, sources of news and information, suppliers of services and providers of sports and entertainment. are anchors and instigators of modern culture. are the spokes which form the structural skeletons of society

Culture and Urban Form Chicago School(s) of Architecture 1st : walls hang on iron frame = skyscrapers 2nd : glass and iron skyscraper, form follows function aka “the International School”

Chicago School(s) of Architecture

Culture and Urban Form Chicago School(s) of Architecture City Beautiful movement Parks, monuments, orderly street plan (Daniel Burnham) Beaux Arts style "noble spaces"—grand entrances/staircases—not utilitarian ones Arched windows and pedimented doors Statuary, sculpture, murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building Classical details: balustrades, pilasters, garlands Subtle polychromy Nice to look at AND creates civic pride and moral virtues

Culture and Urban Form Chicago School(s) of Architecture City Beautiful movement Postmodern architecture Wide range of styles, challenges what’s “accepted” Diverse aesthetics, anything goes, unique forms More people-friendly = “cloud gate” aka “the bean”

Up next: Urban Patterns The End. Up next: Urban Patterns