Unit 4 Earth Quakes Tectonics NOTES

Harry Hess & the discovery of Plate Tectonics

Key Concepts & Questions What is the driving force behind crustal movement ?

Key Concepts & Questions Convection Currents in the Mantle

Heat from earth’s formation Key Concepts & Questions What provides the energy for this force? radioactive decay Heat from earth’s formation

Answer Regents question:

Key Concepts & Questions What are the different types of earthquake waves? And how do they travel?

Key Concepts & Questions p-waves Travel Through Anything primary waves push-pull waves

Key Concepts & Questions s-waves Travels Through Solids Only secondary waves shear waves

Seismic waves are like two runners, 1 fast and one slow Seismic waves are like two runners, 1 fast and one slow. The farther they run the farther apart the finish. 09:20 01:50

Key Concepts & Questions Where can most earthquake epicenters and volcanoes be found?

The Ring of Fire How does this compare with page 5 of the ESRTs?

Key Concepts & Questions at plate boundaries

VOCAB MAP On to more Regents questions:

What is the difference between an earthquake’s focus and epicenter? The focus is where the earthquake occurs and the epicenter is the point on the surface above the focus.

Key Concepts & Questions To find an earthquake’s epicenter a seismologist must have data from at least how many locations?

Key Concepts & Questions x Earthquake Epicenter Attica, NY

At least three

Vocab Maps

I’ve got a fever for more Regent questions:

Key Concepts & Questions How can scientists infer the properties of Earth’s interior?

by observing earthquake waves

Key Concepts & Questions How do scientists know that Earth’s inner core is solid? How do scientists know that Earth’s outer core is liquid?

Seismic Waves And Shadow Zones

How do scientists know that Earth’s inner core is solid? by the refraction of P-waves

How do scientists know that Earth’s outer core is liquid? S-waves disappear at the outer core

Earth’s Interior

Got to have those Regents questions:

What can people do to protect themselves during an earthquake? Key Concepts & Questions What can people do to protect themselves during an earthquake?

stand against interior wall get under desk/table stand against interior wall stay away from windows

EARTHQUAKE SAFETY

On to the next question: JAPAN

What is the Richter Scale and how is it used? Key Concepts & Questions What is the Richter Scale and how is it used?

a measure of earthquake strength RICHTER SCALE a measure of earthquake strength used to describe expected damage

Seismograph

What is the Mercalli Scale and how is it used? Key Concepts & Questions What is the Mercalli Scale and how is it used?

a measure of earthquake damage MERCALLI SCALE a measure of earthquake damage used to describe observed damage

MERCALLI SCALE I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. XI. Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.

New York’s Largest Earthquakes 1884 New York City, M 5.5 1929 Attica, M 5.6 1944 Massena, M 5.8 1983 Blue Mountain Lake, M 5.1 (M=Magnitude)

Largest Recorded Earthquakes 1 Largest Recorded Earthquakes 1960 Valdivia, Chile 9.5 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska 9.2 2004 Indian Ocean, Sumatra 9.2 1952 Kamcharka, Russia 9.0 2011 Tohoku, Japan 9.0

Tsunami

Tsunami

Earth Quake Reference Table Questions

If a p-wave arrives five minutes before the s-wave arrives, how many kilometers from the epicenter is a location? 3600 km

If a p-wave arrives at 12:10:00 and the s-wave arrives at 12:16:20, how many kilometers from the epicenter is a location? 12:16:20 - 12:10:00 ----------------- 00:06:20 6 minutes, 20 seconds 4800 km

9:00:20 + 04:00 ------------- 9:04:20 An earthquake epicenter is 2600 kilometers from a location. If the p-wave arrives at 9:00:20, what time will the s-wave arrive? 9:04:20 4 minutes

An earthquake epicenter is 5200 kilometers from a location An earthquake epicenter is 5200 kilometers from a location. If the s- wave arrives at 1:20:20, what time did the p-wave arrive? 1:20:20 - 07:00 ---------------- 1:13:20 7 minutes 1:13:20

If a p-wave arrives 6 mins after an earthquake occurs, how many kilometers is the location from the epicenter? How long after the p- wave arrives will the s-wave arrive? 3200 km 4:40 later

Plate Tectonics Tectonics NOTES ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

What is the Theory of Continental Drift? Alfred Wegner, 1915 The continents were once a super-continent called Pangea the continents are plowing through the ocean floors ---most people didn’t believe this

What evidence supports this theory? Africa & South America look like they fit together Similar rocks, fossils and glacial striations (scratches)

Answer the next Regents questions...

Plate Tectonics

What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? Earth’s crust is made up of plates that ride on top of the aesthenosphere. The plates move due to convection currents in the mantle.

What evidence supports this theory? Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes Sea-floor spreading

ESRT Page 5

Volcanoes

Volcanoes – cool video taken by crazy people.

Regents question...

How do oceanic and continental crust compare with regard to thickness and density? (ESRTs pg 10) thickness high low thin thick

continental crust oceanic crust What are the primary rocks which make up the continental and oceanic crusts? continental crust oceanic crust Low-density, light- colored, coarse- grained, felsic, igneous rock High density, dark- colored, fine-grained, mafic igneous rock granite basalt

VOCAB MAPS Then on to the next questions...

What are these types of plate boundaries? What are the key characteristics for each? Give an example of where each can be found.

oceanic-continental convergent boundary trenches, volcanoes, deep earthquakes Peru-Chile Trench

continental-continental convergent boundary mountain building Himalayas

Convergent

transform fault slide past one another shallow earthquakes San Andreas Fault

divergent plate boundary new crust is made Mid-Atlantic Ridge

What happens to the age of oceanic crust as distance increases from a ridge?

Explain how magnetic data can be used to show that oceanic crust is diverging at ridges. Use the diagram below to help explain your answer. as new crust is made at ridges, the ferrous minerals (Fe) align according to where the magnetic poles are located same pattern on opposite sides of the ridge proves sea-floor spreading

VOCAB MAPS DEFINE, DRAW

Hot Spot Volcano Animation