Introduction to Astronomy

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Astronomy

Review The Scientific Method Atoms Gravity The Earth The Moon The Planets The Sun The Solar System Our Galaxy The Universe

The Scientific Method Way scientists construct their view of the Universe Propose and idea Test that idea Confirms or Denies Astronomy relies on observation Not all ideas proven or believe What you learn will be proven wrong in the future Does this make it a failing science or does it make it stronger?

Atoms Matter composed of subatomic particles Structured Central Core Nucleus Protons Neutrons Orbited by electron

Atoms Held together by electrical charge Electric force – attract or repel Closely linked to magnetic force Strong or nuclear force Forms nucleus Charge of proton Charge of electron Attract/Repel Weak force- opereated on the atomic scale plays a role in radioactive decay

Gravity Attraction between all objects Planets in orbit Sun in its orbit

The Earth One of the smallest bodies in the cosmic landscape Spinning sphere of rock Use the Earth as a guide for other planets

The Moon A satellite Held by Earth’s gravity Airless A body orbiting a planet Held by Earth’s gravity Airless Pitted ball of rock Moon’s mass is only about 1/80 the Earth’s Not able to retain heat = no crustal movement Very little change Limit of direct human exploration

The Planets Nine planets in our solar system Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto? Eris Different sizes and different landscapes

The Planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Airless, craters Clouds of sulfuric acid droplets Earth White clouds, blue oceans, jungles… Mars Huge canyons and deserts

The Planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Atmospheric storms with lightning Saturn Icy fragments orbit, creating its bright rings Uranus Unique tilt, dark rings Neptune Deep blue color caused by methane clouds

The Sun Star Hugh ball of gas 100 times the diameter of the Earth Generates Energy Core Nuclear reactions turn hydrogen into helium Energy flows to surface then pours into space

The Solar System Sun and the nine planets Satellites Asteroids Comets Moons Asteroids Comets

Our Galaxy The Milky Way galaxy Cloud of several hundred billion stars with a flattened shape Takes the sun about 240 million years to complete one trip around the disc Stellar birth and death Explode into clouds of dust and debris, matter sprayed outward Recycled into new stars If sun was a pin head in the galaxy, next pin head (star) would be 35 miles away

The Universe Galaxy clusters Local Group Local Supercluster Groups of galxies Local Group Small 30 galaxies 3 million light-years in diameter Local Supercluster

A Sense of Scale Size Let’s start with a tour of the universe in space and time to give you some context Power of 10 video http://www.powersof10.com/film

Proportional Model

Create Model

astronomical unit to describe distances between the planets or Instead of using ridiculously small units like kilometers, astronomers use much larger distance units like   astronomical unit to describe distances between the planets or A light year to describe distances between the stars. An astronomical unit = the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, or about 149.6 million kilometers. For example, Jupiter is (778.4 million km)/(149.6 million km) = 5.203 astronomical units from the Sun. A light year is how far light will travel in one year. The distance D something travels in a given time interval t is found by multiplying the speed v by the time interval. In compact math notation this is: D = v×t. You can find out how many kilometers a light year is by multiplying the speed of light by a time interval of one year: 1 light year = (299,800 kilometers/second) × (31,560,000 seconds/year) = 9,461,000,000,000 kilometers (9.461 trillion kilometers---several tens of thousands of times larger than even the astronomical unit!). The nearest star is about 4.3 light years away which means that it takes light 4.3 years to travel from Proxima Centauri to Earth. The rest of the stars are further away than that! The speed of light is the fastest speed possible for anything in the universe to travel despite what you may see in science fiction movies or books. It is because of the H-U-G-E distances and l-o-n-g times it would take extraterrestrial spacecraft to travel to the Earth that many astronomers are skeptical about extraterrestrial beings abducting humans.

A Sense of Time The Universe is 15 billion years old Condense “Cosmic Calendar” Every second in the ``cosmic calendar'' corresponds to 475 real years 24 cosmic calendar days = 1 billion real years

Origin of the Universe--Jan. 1 Origin of our galaxy--Jan 24 Solar system origin--Sept. 9 Earth Solidifies--Sept. 14 Life on Earth--Sept. 30 Oxygen atmosphere--Dec. 1 Land plants & insects--Dec. 19, 20 First reptiles & trees--Dec. 23 First dinosaurs--Dec. 25 KT impact, mammal age, birds--10:00 AM Dec. 30 Ancient Greeks to now--last five seconds Average human life span--0.15 seconds Origin of the Universe--Jan. 1Origin of our galaxy--Jan 24Solar system origin--Sept. 9Earth Solidifies--Sept. 14Life on Earth--Sept. 30Sexual reproduction advent--Nov. 25Oxygen atmosphere--Dec. 1Cambrian explosion (600 mil years ago when most complex organisms appear, fish, trilobites)--Dec. 17Land plants & insects--Dec. 19, 20First amphibians--Dec. 22First reptiles & trees--Dec. 23First dinosaurs--Dec. 25KT impact, mammal age, birds--10:00 AM Dec. 30First primates--Dec. 30Australopithicenes (Lucy, etc.)--10:00 PM Dec. 31Homo habilis--11:25 PM Dec. 31Homo erectus--11:40 PM Dec. 31Early Homo sapiens--11:50 PM Dec. 31Neanderthal man--11:57 PM Dec. 31Cro-Magnon man--11:58:38 PMHomo sapiens sapiens--11:58:57 PM Dec. 31Human history--11:59:39 PMAncient Greeks to now--last five secondsAverage human life span--0.15 seconds