Review Earth Science Midterm http://www.hpcsd.org/webpages/JRonda/ Review Earth Science Midterm MIDTERM- 1/22

Exam Format 65 questions 40- multiple choice 25 short answer questions (constructed response)

Earth Science Reference Tables Provided for all students to use during the written exam Be familiar with the ESRTs prior to exam Some questions require the use of the ESRTs, while for other questions, the ESRTs may be helpful Not all questions will prompt you to use the ESRTs

Tips for Multiple Choice Questions Eliminate obvious distracters

Tips for Multiple Choice Questions Just because a choice may have some truth, it does not mean that it answers the question

Tips for Multiple Choice Questions Also… Read all choices before answering a question Skip over hard questions for later Information in one part of the test may be helpful in other parts Do not leave any answers blank -- if all else fails, guess

Constructed Response – Practice 1

Constructed Response – Practice 1

Constructed Response – Practice 1 B A C

Constructed Response – Practice 1

Constructed Response – Practice 1 The water velocity decreases; or The particles slow down and are deposited

Minerals pg. 16 ESRTs Mineral: naturally occurring substance with a unique crystalline structure and chemical composition Identification based on: Luster: metallic or non-metallic Hardness: resistance to being scratched; measured on the Mohs scale Cleavage or fracture: how the mineral breaks Streak: colored powder, if any, left behind after mineral is rubbed on a surface Acid test: bubbles result if calcium carbonate is present

Igneous Rocks pg. 6 ESRTs Igneous rock: formed from cooled and hardened magma (intrusive) or lava (extrusive) Intrusive: formed inside earth – coarse grained and large crystals (granite) • Extrusive: formed outside earth – glassy appearance (obsidian) – vesicular: gas pockets (pumice) – fine grained and small crystals (basalt)

Sedimentary Rocks pg. 7 ESRTs Sedimentary rock: generally formed from compaction and cementation of smaller rocks and/or sediments Generally formed in aquatic environments Key characteristics: Visible sediments or pieces of other rocks (such as sand, pebbles, silt, and cobbles) Fossils may be present

Metamorphic Rocks pg. 7 ESRTs Metamorphic rock: formed when existing rocks undergo intense heat and pressure Generally formed deep in lithosphere Key characteristics: Foliation: thin layering due to mineral alignment Banding: type of foliation where minerals are separated into bands

Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift

2. Plate Tectonics plates lithosphere sea floor sea floor continental a. This is the basic idea that Earths crust is divided into a few large, thick ____________ which are large slabs of the lithosphere. (1) Plates are part of the______________ move slowly and change in size. (2) Plates may be: (a) entirely ___________ rock (b) both ____________ and _____________ rock (c) entirely ______________ rock plates lithosphere sea floor sea floor continental continental

Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior pg. 10 ESRTs

pg. 10 ESRTs

Plate boundaries are geologically active with: earthquakes __________________ volcanoes young mountain ranges (Rocky Mountains, Himalayas)

A. ___________ Boundaries Divergent

B. __________Boundaries Transform One plate slides _____________ past another. Sites of shallow-focus earthquakes and less likely to have volcanic activity Strike-slip motion is common. No new surface is formed or consumed Locations of transform motion. horizontally San Andreas Fault a. _________________ in California (between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate) b. At mid-ocean ridge _________________ (not plate boundaries) fracture zones

Ocean-Continent Convergence

3. Continent-Continent Convergence collide Two continents ___________. Continents become welded together along a dipping ____________ zone. A mountain belt forms at the interior of the new continent. Examples: Himalayas between Eurasia and India Appalachians - Formed when Pangaea collided with North America suture

Earthquakes and Epicenters Epicenter: location on earth’s surface directly above the focus (where the earthquake originates) Distance to the epicenter can be determined if the travel times of the P- and S-waves are known Lagtime: difference in travel time between the P- and S-waves

Earthquakes and Epicenters lag time: 6 min

Earthquakes and Epicenters pg. 11 ESRTs Lag time: 6 minutes

Earthquakes and Epicenters pg. 11 ESRTs Lag time: 6 minutes

Earthquakes and Epicenters pg. 11 ESRTs Lag time: 6 minutes

Earthquakes and Epicenters pg. 11 ESRTs Lag time: 6 minutes 4,400 km

Earthquakes and Epicenters

Earthquakes and Epicenters To locate the earthquake’s epicenter, a minimum of three seismic stations are needed With one station, there are many possible epicenters Station 1

Earthquakes and Epicenters With two stations, there are only two possible epicenters Station 2 Station 1

Earthquakes and Epicenters With three stations, there is only one possible epicenters Station 3 Station 2 Station 1

How to prepare for an earthquake

Tsunamis- waves produced from an undersea earthquake

How to prepare for a future tsunami

A. WEATHERING 1. The group of ______________processes that change the physical and chemical character of rock at or near Earth’s surface. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller particles that are easily moved over Earth’s surface. destructive

B. __________ Erosion picking up or physical removal This is the ____________________________ or rock particles by an agent of erosion. Agents of erosion include: Gravity Wind Running Water (streams and glaciers) Wave action Most eroded rock particles are at least partially _________________. 3. Rock can be eroded before it has weathered at all. weathered

Rivers move a great deal of material Rivers move a great deal of material. The faster the water moves, the larger material that can be carried down stream.

As time goes by, the stream erodes away the land and makes it flatter. When the gradient is low, the shape of the stream changes and meanders form: MEANDER

Contour lines showing head of the stream to the mouth of stream with delta Velocity slows when entering a large body of water

Eventually all streams flow into the ocean This part of a stream is called a DELTA Eventually all streams flow into the ocean

Rate of change Answer: .5 degrees Celsius/hour