Regionally Aligned Forces (RAF) UN Peacekeeping Training Program Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute The Army’s only organization for Peace and Stability Operations at the strategic and operational level Regionally Aligned Forces (RAF) UN Peacekeeping Training Program Overview

Agenda Introduction UN Peacekeeping Pre-deployment Training Concept Course Purpose HQDA Standardized METL vs Peacekeeping Tasks Content Overview Training Schedule Priority Areas Key Insights

UN Concept for Peacekeeping Pre-Deployment Training PDT UN Concept for Peacekeeping Pre-Deployment Training Current capabilities Committed capabilities UN concept for peacekeeping pre-deployment is intended to transition a force from their current capabilities to committed capabilities conducted in 4 distinct steps. Step 1: Primarily military training. Includes reinforcement on basic/common infantry capabilities and skills as applicable to peacekeeping Step 2: Focused on UN peacekeeping. Includes training on UN peacekeeping capabilities and skills Step 3: Focused on preparing for the specific UN mission. Includes training on mission-specific capabilities and skills (including scenario-based training for sub-units and below) Step 4: Focused on integrating the various skills through the conduct of a battalion mission-specific field exercise All pre-deployment training is conducted in the home country and is a national responsibility.

Pre-Deployment Steps Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 All personnel participate in basic technical and tactical skills training (Reinforcement on basic individual and collective military or police capabilities and skills applicable to the mission) All personnel attend to National pre-deployment requirements Step 2 Commanders, staff officers and trainers attend a UN ToT conducted by PKTC (Contents includes CPTM – UN Staff Officers – Infantry Battalion) Commanders and staff officers participate in CPX for Staff Officers Trainers deliver UN training to all personnel (Content includes CPTM and UNIBAM) Step 3 Commanders, staff officers and key personnel participate in the mission specific CPX Trainers deliver mission specific training to all personnel (Content includes mission situation, ROE, FC Directives, etc) Step 4 The UN Infantry Battalion participates in a FTX based on mission specific modules Commander and national authorities can evaluate the operational readiness of the Battalion Step 1: Common individual and collective capabilities and skills Subject: Includes training on topics such as patrolling, observation, communication, shooting, navigation, defensive and offensive tactical actions, crowd control etc Duration: Allocation of time depending on national peculiarities Step 2: Training on UN Peacekeeping capabilities and skills Subject: Core Pre-deployment Training Materials (CPTM) and specialized materials (STM) for Military staff officers and police officers Duration: 1 week for the CPTM and additional weeks for other training on specific functions Step 3: Training on Mission-specific capabilities and skills Subject: Adding to the training military and police concepts of operations, country geographical and cultural information force requirements, etc. Duration: 2 weeks Step 4: Conducting a Battalion/Formed Police Unit mission-specific field exercise Subject: Battalion field exercise integrating previous training inputs, skills and knowledge Duration: 1 week

Peacekeeping Training Concept Pre-Deployment Training (PDT) Induction Training Ongoing Training Deployment Pre-deployment Training (PDT) INDUCTION On-Going Training Phases Member States United Nations UN Pre-deployment training fits into the overall UN Peacekeeping Training Concept. It is the first step, and is followed by Induction training and On-going training. Unlike the Pre-deployment training - which is conducted by the home country, in the home country - Induction and On-going training are conducted in the mission area by the UN Induction training: Battalion key leaders training on trainers course On-going training: Training on scenario-based exercises for battalion staff Maintenance of capabilities and skills Training aimed at interoperability with other components Remedial training Responsibility In country In mission Area

RAF & Peacekeeping Training Current RAF training plan is Headquarters, Department of the Army Standardized Mission Essential Task List (HQDA Standardized METL) UN Peacekeeping training requirements are only partially addressed in the HQDA Standardized METL Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) clearly articulated to the Army preparing of UN peacekeepers is high risk to the Department of Defense (DoD) and therefore performance must exceed standards achieved by the Africa Contingency Operations Training & Assistance (ACOTA) RAF must be able to train forces to exceed those standards - even those not included in HQDA Standardized METL This RAF Peacekeeping Program of Instruction (RPPOI) has been developed to meet the needs of US Army trainers who may be required to train partner nations for service on UN peacekeeping missions. The POI has been constrained to a 30 hour training block to minimize the time required to prepare for missions and tasks that are not contained in a unit’s Headquarters, Department of the Army Standardized Mission Essential Task List (HQDA Standardized METL).

Training an Infantry Battalion for UN Peacekeeping The RAF is prepared to conduct HQDA Standardized METL HQDA Standardized METL DA OE PK OE Different conditions UN PK Tasks PKSOI Responsibility This slide illustrates the training that this POI addresses. Approximately 80% of peacekeeping tasks are contained in the HQDA Standardized METL. In order to preserve time available for training, this POI trains tasks that are unique to UN peacekeeping or require particular emphasis. The material used in the training has been derived from UN required training materials. The POI does not represent the entirety of UN required peacekeeping tasks. Note: The entire UN required training is contained in the UN Core Pre-deployment Training Materials (CPTM) and represents the essential knowledge required by all peacekeeping personnel – military, police or civilian - to function effectively in a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operation. The (CPTM) should be used as the core resource for any UN pre-deployment training course. The other key resource trainers should use to train units for service in peacekeeping is the United Nations Infantry Battalion Manuals (UNIBAM Vols. 1 and 2). A large majority of UN/PK tasks are HQDA Standardized METL The RAF requires training on some UN/PK tasks that are not HQDA Standardized METL The RAF must understand the PK Operational Environment (OE)

Essential Tasks for Peacekeeping Included in HQDA Standardized METL Patrolling (foot and mounted) Observation Posts/Checkpoints Outreach/Engagement Information gathering (intel not used in peacekeeping) Cordon and Search Convoy and Escort Establish and Operate Forward Operating Bases (FOBs) Staff Processes and Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) Examples of essential tasks for Peacekeeping which are already included in the HQDA Standardized METL.

UN staff officer planning processes Examples of UN Peacekeeping Tasks Not Included in HQDA Standardized METL UN staff officer planning processes Protection of Civilians (PoC) and Sex and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) instruction UN-US Infantry battalion tasks differences UN Mandates/Rules of Engagement (ROE) and their application to Infantry battalion operations Examples of essential tasks for Peacekeeping which are NOT included in the HQDA Standardized METL.

Support Tasks for Peacekeeping Critical infrastructure and asset protection Crowd control Establish buffer zones Coordination with partners (police, NGOs, multi-national military forces) Support tasks for peacekeeping which are not as familiar to US trainers/US training audiences.

Content Overview Intended to provide all peacekeeping personnel with shared understanding Generally follows the three levels of authority and command and control in UN peacekeeping missions Will need to be adapted/ adjusted based on needs assessment/discussions with counterparts The POI and accompanying training materials are intended to provide all peacekeeping personnel (military, police and civilian) with a shared understanding of the basic principles, guidelines and policies of UN peacekeeping to ensure that UN peacekeeping operations can function effectively in a coherent manner.   The overall structure of the training generally follows the three levels of authority, command and control in multi-dimensional UN peacekeeping operations: strategic, operational and tactical. While instructors are free to change the order, they should be aware of the linkages within the four units and highlight the interdependence of strategic, operational and tactical level issues. It is recommended that instructors incorporate mission specific examples which highlight the tactical situation, when working with counterparts. The details of the instruction are laid out in the actual Program of Instruction document, which can be found in your administrative materials.

RAF Peacekeeping Training Schedule Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 0900 Intro to UN Peacekeeping Training UN Military Component Planning Process (MCPP) (Unit 3: Part 1) Other Considerations for Peacekeepers (Unit 4: Part 1) Continued Protection of Civilians (Unit 5: Part 2) Situational Training Exercise (STX) (Unit 7) 0930 Overview of UN Peacekeeping (Unit 1: Part 1) (Unit 4: Part 2) 1000 Command Post Exercise (CPX) Unit 8 1030 1100 (Unit 4: Part 3) 1130 Lunch 1200 1230 1300 Fundamental Principles (Unit 1: Part 2) 1330 US-UN Planning Process Differences (Unit 3: Part 2) (Unit 5: Part 1) Assessments in PK (Unit 6) 1400 UN Mission Mandates (Unit 2: Part 1) 1430 1500 How UN PK Operations Function (Unit 2: Part 2) 1530 1600 Conclusion The trainers’ course is intended to be conducted over 5 days. Individual units may need to be adapted based on the needs of the counterpart unit. The units and topics are outlined below: Unit 1: Part 1: strategic level issues; outlines the basic definitions/rationale for UN peace and security activities; main organizational bodies of the UN; the spectrum and types of UN peacekeeping missions. Unit 1: Part 2 fundamental principles of UN peacekeeping; factors of successful missions and essential qualities of peacekeepers.  Unit 2: Part 1 how the Security Council establishes mandates for UN peacekeeping operations; how those mandates are operationalized; development of mission mandates; different types of mandates in use; correlation between mandates & rules of engagement at the tactical level Unit 2: Part 2: command and control in UN peacekeeping/mission management structures Unit 3: Part 1: UN Military Component Planning Process (MCPP) Unit 3: Part 2: compares the US Army Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) to MCPP Unit 4: Part 1-3: policies and procedures related to individual peacekeeping personnel (personal conduct; HIV/AIDS; respect for diversity) Unit 5: Part 1: overview of the Protection of Civilians (PoC) Unit 5: Part 2: PoC practical exercises Unit 6: Assessing peacekeeping Unit 7: design and development of Situational Training Exercises (STX); STX training support packages Unit 8: Design and development of Command Post Exercises (CPXs); CPX training support package

Priority Areas Protection of Civilians concept Phases of response Escalation of the use of force “within their capabilities” – planning and preparation Priority areas of focus during the training include the Protection of Civilians (PoC) concept, phases of response; escalation of the use of force; and the concept of national units planning and preparing “within their capabilities”.

Key Insights Know the culture of the counterpart and the host countries; adapt training accordingly Interoperability is key (processes; procedures; equipment) Understand and highlight the linkage between the tactical and operational levels with specific examples Understand how the UN operates and the agreements governing the interaction between the UN and the partner country Stress the importance of capturing lessons learned/ conducting post-mission assessments The course material was presented to key international partners with significant experience working in the UN environment and with partner nations. They offered the following insights: Know the cultures of your counterpart and the host country; adapt training accordingly –go beyond basic dos and don’ts and understand their experiences, training needs, learning styles, leadership styles, etc. and incorporate it into/adapting training accordingly. Interoperability is key (processes; procedures; equipment) – Understand that differences in structure, organizational culture and equipment will have real and tangible impacts on the ability to plan and operate together. This is as true of your relationship with counterparts, as it is of their relationships in mission. Understand and highlight the linkage between the tactical and operational levels with specific examples – the training material provided by the UN gives a good basis at the strategic and operational levels, but as trainers you will have to incorporate specific mission-specific information to demonstrate the tactical tie in for the training unit. Understand how the UN operates and become thoroughly familiar with the legal structure for the mission your counterpart will participate in. This becomes more complex in hybrid missions. National level agreements will affect everything from employment of units to logistics. It will have significant impacts on how your counterpart operates. Stress the importance of capturing lessons learned/ conducting post-mission assessments – The lessons learned during the training for and conduct of a mission are valuable to the units that come behind and should be captured.

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Regionally Aligned Forces (RAF) UN Peacekeeping Training Program Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute The Army’s only organization for Peace and Stability Operations at the strategic and operational level Regionally Aligned Forces (RAF) UN Peacekeeping Training Program Overview