MEHANSKE LASTNOSTI LESA

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Presentation transcript:

MEHANSKE LASTNOSTI LESA Interno gradivo! V učne namene zbrala in uredila Gabi Dolenšek Natančni viri niso navedeni; na napake me opozorite!

MEHANSKE LASTNOSTI LESA TRDNOST LESA TRDOTA LESA JE NAJVEČJA NAPETOST, KI NASTANE V TELESU OB PORUŠITVI TRDNOST LESA TRDOTA LESA JE SPOSOBNOST, DA SE UPIRA SPREMEMBI OBLIKE IN PORUŠITVI ZARADI DELOVANJA ZUNANJIH SIL JE ODPOR LESA PROTI PRODIRANJU TRŠEGA TELESA VANJ

TRDOTA LESA HB=F/S DOLOČANJE TRDOTE PO BRINELLU ODPOR LESA HB – trdota N/mm2 F – sila S – površina odtisa kroglice DOLOČANJE TRDOTE PO BRINELLU ODPOR LESA PROTI OBRABI (stopnice, pragovi, parket,..) gost les suh les prečni prerez . JE ODPOR LESA PROTI PRODIRANJU TRŠEGA TELESA VANJ NA PREČNEM PREREZU TRŠI LES KOT NA R ALI T VEČJA GOSTOTA – VEČJA TRDOTA KASNI LES – TRŠI OD RANEGA BOLJ SUH LES – TRŠI VEČ LIGNINA - TRŠI TRDOTA LESA TRDI LESOVI macesen javor jesen hrast hreh bukev beli gaber gvajak MEHKI LESOVI jelka smreka topol kostanj lipa breza jelša balza

metoda po Brinellu Jekleno kroglico s premerom 10 mm vtisnemo v les s konstantno silo: pri mehkih lesov s silo100 N, pri srednje trdih lesovih 500 N in pri zelo trdih lesovih s silo 1000 N. Brinellska trdota je razmerje med uporabljeno silo in površino odtiska HB = F/A v N/mm2. metoda po Janki. Jekleno kroglico s premerom 11,3 mm vtisnemo v les do ekvatorja. Površina odtiska je tedaj 1 cm2. Trdota je definirana kot sila, ki je potrebna za vtiskanje kroglice do ekvatorja ali kot razmerje med silo in površine vtiska. Trdota je odvisna od smeri preskušanja: pri anizotropnem lesu je trdota prečne površine 1,5 - 2,5 x večja od trdote trangencialne ali radialne površine. Tangencialna površina je nekoliko trša od radialne površine .

Brinell Hardness Test The Brinell test was devised by a Swedish researcher at the beginning of the 20th century. The test comprises forcing a hardened steel ball indentor into the surface of the sample using a standard load as shown in Fig.1(a). The diameter/load ratio is selected to provide an impression of an acceptable diameter. The ball may be 10, 5 or 1mm in diameter, the load may be 3000, 750 or 30kgf, The load, P, is related to the diameter, D by the relationship P/D 2 and this ratio has been standardised for different metals in order that test results are accurate and reproducible. For steel the ratio is 30:1 - for example a 10mm ball can be used with a 3000kgf load or a 1mm ball with a 30kgf load. For aluminium alloys the ratio is 5:1. The load is applied for a fixed length of time, usually 30 seconds. When the indentor is retracted two diameters of the impression, d 1 and d 2 , are measured using a microscope with a calibrated graticule.and then averaged as shown in Fig.1(b).

Janka Steel Ball Hardness Test For Wood The Janka Hardwood Scale was invented in 1906 by Gabriel Janka {1864 - 1932}, an Austrian wood researcher and is an adaptation of the Brinell Hardness Test for metals. The American Society for Testing and Materials {ASTM} standardized the test in 1927. The Janka Hardness Test measures how hard wood is. It measures the pounds of force (lbf) required to drive in a steel ball with a diameter of 11.28 millimeters {0.444 inches} into the wood to half its diameter. The higher the number the harder the wood. This procedure was chosen so that the result would leave an indention of exactly 100 square millimeters {0.16 square inches} in size. It is one of the best ways to determine how easily a particular wood species will dent, ding, scratch and wear. It also suggests how difficult a species will be to saw, plane, route, sand, nail and work in general. The hardness of wood usually varies with the direction of the wood grain. When testing is done on the surface of a plank, perpendicular to the grain, the test is said to be of side hardness. Any particular wood species will deviate in hardness from one piece of lumber to another. The below numbers are an average side hardness with the wood at 12% moisture content. Most pieces of wood in the same specie will be plus or minus 10% of the below numbers.

NAPETOSTI V LESU s=F/S - NAPETOST - N/m2=Pa N/mm2=MPa LES OBREMENIMO Z ZUNANJO SILO – LES SE UPIRA SPREMEMBI – V LESU NASTANEJO NAPETOSTI - NAPETOST - N/m2=Pa N/mm2=MPa DINAMIČNA OBREMENITEV STATIČNA OBREMENITEV TLAČNA OBREMENITEV NATEZNA OBREMENITEV

s=F/S NATEZNI PREIZKUS -leseno palico (l) vpnemo -obremenimo na nateg v osni smeri -palica se podaljša za raztezek, ki ga merimo -palica se DEFORMIRA -les se upira deformacijam – v njem nastanejo NAPETOSTI s=F/S

ELASTIČNE DEFORMACIJE PLASTIČNO OBMOČJE V LESU NASTANEJO TRAJNE – PLASTIČNE DEFORMACIJE PROPORCIONALNA MEJA V ELASTIČNEM OBMOČJU VELJA HOOKOV ZAKON ELASTIČNO OBMOČJE PO PRENEHANJU OBREMENITVE SE LES POVRNE V PRVOTNO OBLIKO – ELASTIČNE DEFORMACIJE

HOOKOV ZAKON Raztezek (specifična deformacija) ZAKON VELJA V ELASTIČNEM OBMOČJU Raztezek (specifična deformacija) je premosorazmeren z napetostjo. E-mera za TOGOST materiala -odpor materiala proti elastični deformaciji -višji E- manjša sprememba oblike – ELASTIČNA NAPETOST (N/m2=Pa, N/mm2=MPa) – SPECIFIČNA deformacija E – modul elastičnosti (N/mm2= MN/m2=MPa)

PRI NORMALNI TEMPERATURI PRI LESU Z VIŠJO GOSTOTO KO SILA DELUJE V SMERI LESNIH VLAKEN MODUL ELASTIČNOSTI - E JE VEČJI PRI NORMALNI TEMPERATURI ČE JE LES SUH ČE JE RAST PRAVILNA PRI LESU Z VIŠJO GOSTOTO

DOPUSTNA NAPETOST VARNOSTNI KOLIČNIK = Določajo jih predpisi in standardi! V izdelkih izkoriščamo le del trdnosti materiala! DOPUSTNA NAPETOST Nahaja se v območju elastičnih deformacij! VARNOSTNI KOLIČNIK = Je razmerje med največjo napetostjo v materialu in dopustno napetostjo. Lesene konstrukcije od 2 do 15.

eel – elastična def.. ezad -zadržana def. PRIMERI? evis -viskozna def. LEZENJE RELAKSACIJA – POPUŠČANJE SILE NE POVEČUJEMO- DEFORMACIJA PA SE S ČASOM POVEČUJE eel – elastična def.. ezad -zadržana def. evis -viskozna def. PRIMERI?

MEHANSKE LASTNOSTI LESA SO BOLJŠE: če je les gostejši če je les bolj suh (velja v higroskopskem območju – do TNCS) če je temp. normalna MEHANSKE LASTNOSTI LESA SO BOLJŠE: v smeri lesnih vlaken IGLAVCI – ožje branike VENČASTO POR. LISTAVCI – širše branike če je les pravilno raščen, Brez napak

ODVISNOST TRDNOSTNIH LASTNOSTI OD VLAGE

STRIŽNA UPOGIBNA TRDNOST LESA TLAČNA NATEZNA

RAZLOŽI – POJASNI! Zgradba celične stene Celulozno ogrodje Snop celuloznih molekul Urejeni deli celuloz – kristaliti Neurejeni deli – amorfni Higroskopnost celuloze Nabrekanje in krčenje lesa – trdnost lesa in vezana voda Krčitvena anizotropija

-les z ravnim potekom lesnih vlaken -manj gost les (iglavci) NAJLAŽJE SE CEPI: -les z ravnim potekom lesnih vlaken -manj gost les (iglavci) -vlažen les -v smeri trakov - radialno CEPLJENJE LESA Je razdvajanje lesa v smeri lesnih vlaken. PREDNOSTI? SLABOSTI? IZDELKI?

http://www. swst. org/teach/teach2/properties2 http://www.swst.org/teach/teach2/properties2.pdf UČNO GRADIVO V ANGLEŠČINI http://www.cpi.si/files/cpi/userfiles/Lesarstvo_tapetnistvo/4-LES_LASTNOSTI.pdf http://www.cpi.si/files/cpi/userfiles/Lesarstvo_tapetnistvo/mehanske_fizikalno_kemicne_lastnosti_lesa.pdf