Biology Notes Ecology Part 1 Pages 412-414

Standards 7.9 ___ Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one form to another ___ Analyze the movement of matter and energy through the biogeochemical cycles including carbon and water 7.1

Essential Question How does the movement of matter and energy through biological systems impact you?

I. The Recycling of Matter Matter = anything that occupies _____ and has _____. A. The Structure of Matter 1. Atoms = the basic units of _______ 2. Element = a pure substance that consists entirely of __ type of atom elements cannot be _______ down into simpler substances space mass matter 1 broken

each element is represented by a _________ symbol chemical

Oxygen = ___ Sodium = ___ Chlorine = ___ Sulfur = ___ Hydrogen = ___ Carbon = ___ Potassium = ___ Magnesium = ___ Calcium = ___ Phosphorus = ___ Nitrogen = ___ Iron = ___ K Na Mg Cl Ca S P H N C Fe

Of the naturally occurring elements, only about 25 are essential to ____. Of these 25, five ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___ make up 96% of the mass of a human and are essential for life. The rest of the elements are present in very ______ amounts. These elements get into our bodies through _________ life C H O N P small nutrients

Nutrient = a chemical ___________ that an organism needs to sustain life nutrients are used to carry out essential life __________ e.g. the essential nutrients include ______________, _________, ______, _________, ________, and _______ compound functions grow, develop, maintain homeostasis carbohydrates proteins lipids vitamins minerals water

What happens to our 5 essential elements once they LEAVE the body? Biogeochemical cycle = process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of _________ are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the __________ to another the C, H, O, N, P found in food and living organisms is constantly being __________ nutrients biosphere recycled

law of conservation of mass / matter = mass and matter can neither be ________ nor destroyed but may be _____________ created transformed

A. The Water Cycle: Recycling ___ and ___ Water Cycle = the movement of water between the Earth’s _________ and its ____________ Driven by the ____ H O surface atmosphere sun

Water Cycle Diagram:

processes that put water FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere: processes that put water TO the earth’s surface from the atmosphere: Aquifer = groundwater that accumulates to from large _____ underground transpiration, respiration, evaporation, excretion, decomposition precipitation (snow, rain, hail, sleet) lakes Transpiration = evaporation of water from a plant’s _______ leaves

Photosynthesis = plants taking in ______ as part of the process that transforms solar energy into _________ energy (food) 6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6 Respiration = “_________ out” as part of the process that breaks down _____ for energy 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O water chemical breathing food

Water enters plants through their ______ (to be used in photosynthesis) water exits plants through ____________ or ___________ Water enters animals through _____ or _____ water exits animals through ___________, _________, or ______________ roots transpiration respiration food drink respiration excretion decomposition

B. The Carbon Cycle: Recycling ___ and ___ Carbon cycle = the movement of carbon between the Earth’s _______ and its ____________ Partially driven by the ____ and partially driven by ________ activity or spontaneous events like the _________ of volcanoes C O surface atmosphere sun human eruption

Carbon Cycle Diagram:

processes that put carbon FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere: processes that put carbon TO the earth’s surface FROM the atmosphere: Would we be able to live without plants? respiration, combustion, burning organic debris, volcanic eruptions photosynthesis NO

Fossil fuels like ____ and ______ are formed when organisms ____, are buried with very little ________ over a long period of _____ combustion = the burning of ______ fuels e.g. oil coal die oxygen time fossil engines

II. Nutrient Limitation Nutrients recycle through the ecosystem but what happens if we run out of usable forms of nutrients? Primary Productivity = the rate at which __________ make usable organic matter for ____________ e.g. producers consumption apples / year

Limiting Nutrient = when an ecosystem is _______ by a single nutrient that is _______ or cycles very _______ this does not allow producers to make enough ________ matter for consumers and thus ________ the primary productivity oftentimes, the limiting nutrient is ________ or ___________ (both are need and often found in larger amounts in ________) limited scarce slowly organic controls nitrogen phosphorus fertilizers

What happens if there is an overabundance of a former limiting nutrient? Producers will grow in ____________ at a very fast ____ and overall usable matter will _________ Sometimes this can negatively disrupt the delicate balance of ____ in the ecosystem productivity rate increase life

results in choking other __________ and wildlife because the algal blooms = an immediate increase in the amount of ______ from a large input of a limiting ________ usually caused by run-off of ________ from fertilizers results in choking other __________ and wildlife because the algae blocks gas exchange algae nutrient nitrogen organisms