Warm-Up Q: Who were the “Lost Generation” Warm-Up Q: Who were the “Lost Generation”? How did the effects of WWI influence people’s perspective on the world? The Son of Man – Rene Magritte

Post WWI Art “Along with millions of idealistic young men who were cut to pieces by machine guns and obliterated by artillery shells, there was another major casualty of World War I: traditional ideas about Western art”. (Reed Johnson, Los Angeles Times)

Themes in Early Modern Art Uncertainty/insecurity. Disillusionment. The subconscious. Overt sexuality. Violence & savagery.

Edvard Munch: The Scream (1893) Expressionism Using bright colors to express a particular emotion.

Franz Marc: Animal Destinies (1913)

Gustav Klimt: The Kiss (1907-1908)

Henri Matisse: Open Window (1905)

Georges Braque: Violin & Candlestick (1910) CUBISM The subject matter is broken down, analyzed, and reassembled in abstract form. Cezanne  The artist should treat nature in terms of the cylinder, the sphere, and the cone.

Georges Braque: Still Life (1929)

Picasso: Studio with Plaster Head (1925)

Paul Klee: Senecio (1922)

George Grosz Grey Day (1921) DaDa Ridiculed contemporary culture & traditional art forms. The collapse during WW I of social and moral values. Nihilistic.

The Pillars of Society (1926) George Grosz The Pillars of Society (1926)

Salvador Dali: Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War), 1936 Surrealism Late 1920s-1940s. Came from the nihilistic genre of DaDa. Influenced by Freud’s theories on psychoanalysis and the subconscious. Confusing & startling images like those in dreams.

Salvador Dali: The Persistence of Memory (1931)

A Worldwide Depression

American Money European Money Life in the 1920s (Review) Rebuilding Euro. Nations Every major Euro. Nation was bankrupt after the war Relied on loans ($$) from the US American Money European Money

Postwar Europe Rise of new democracies – end to absolute monarchs Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary Problem: Little experience with representative gov’ts Too many pol. groups Coalition gov’t – temporary alliance of pol. parties within a gov’t no strong leadership, no long-term goals

Weimar Republic Recall: What were the “humiliations” of the TofVer.? Germany’s demo. gov’t, est. 1919 Major weaknesses from beginning Lack of demo. tradition Several major parties and many minor parties Germ. ppl blamed WR for defeat in WWI and TofVer. humiliation

Weimar Republic TPS: How would you feel if your $$ became worthless? Inflation Causes Crisis Germ. had not increased wartime taxes To pay for the war, Germ. printed $$ Paper $$ loses value TofVer. – war debt Print more $$ to pay off debt, loses value again Germ. ppl needed more $$ to buy basic goods – inflation Recovered from inflation with help from int’l committee Dawes Plan (1924) – provided $200 mil. loan from US to Germ. Kellogg-Briand peace pact (1928) – pledged to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy” No means to enforce the treaty, relied on the League of Nations

Great Depression TPS: Why did the Great Depression in the US turn into a global depression? US Flawed Econ. Uneven distribution of wealth Over production by busi. and agri. Lower demand for consumer goods Oct. 29, 1929 – NYSE (US Stock Market) crashes Ppl could not pay $$ owed, busi. failed, banks closed By 1933, ¼ of all Am. Workers had no jobs Am. Investors withdrew their $$ from Eur. Am. stopped buying European goods – imposed high tariffs (taxes) on imports instead Dependence on Am. $$, Germ. and Austria were hit hard In Asia, value of exports fell by ½ In Latin Am., prices collapse for products (sugar, beef, copper, etc.)

World Confront the Crisis Britain France Scandinavia Rise of Fascism Fascism – new militant, political mvm’t that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader Summary Q: What problems did the collapse of the Am. econ. cause in other countries? Britain Brit ppl elected a coalition (National Gov’t), High protective tariffs, Increased taxes, Regulated currency, Lowered interest rates to promote econ. growth Result: Slow and steady growth – avoided pol. extremes and preserved demo. France Econ. crisis led to political instability 1936 – The Popular Front formed, Passed reforms to help workers, Price increases and high unemployment Preserved democratic gov’t Socialist Gov’ts Form Scandinavia built recovery programs through existing cooperative community action Public works projects, Raised pensions, increased unemployment benefits, gov’t subsidies, Taxed all citizens Rise of Fascism Many lost faith in democratic gov’t, Move towards extreme gov’t system – fascism Fascism – new, militant pol. mvmt that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader