AP World History Chapter 23 Turkey, China, Japan, and the West

Ottoman Empire

Results of Ottoman Decline Austrian Habsburgs Ottomans driven from Hungary, northern Balkans Russians expand into Caucasus, Crimea Christian Balkans challenge Ottomans Greeks, independent, 1830 Serbia, 1867

Reforms of Ottoman Empire Selim III Reforms anger Janissaries 1807, deposed, assassinated Mahmud II Professional army Replaces Janissaries, 1826 Reforms: “Tanzimat Reforms” Universities built on Western models Railways and industrialization 1876, European-style constitution

Ottoman Repression and Revolts Barriers to Reform Sultanate, ulama, ayan Sultan Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) Turns to despotic absolutism for control He continues work on infrastructure Young Turks Remove Abdul Hamid, continue infrastructure Arabs push for independence

Ottoman Bankruptcy and European Intervention End of Reforms. Ayans make lots of money exploiting the poor. Cotton is the export crop. Suez Canal open in 1869. British intervene to stabilize Khedive rulers. Khedive rulers puppets to the British.

Revolts to British Imperialism Mahdi camel riders revolt. British can’t control the nomadic camel riders. Jihad called against British and their puppets. Lord Kitchner sent in and he crushes the uprisings.

Qing Empire (Manchu)

Qing Reforms Rural farm burdens lifted. Infrastructure building maintained. Merchant (compadors) expand along the coast. These merchants tie China to outside world.

Qing Decline Exam system corrupted. Dikes not maintained. Migration and outlaws. Import of Opium from British. Ports forced open. British navel victories over the Chinese. Land reforms crushed by Qing.

Russia up to Industrialization Anti-Westernization backlash following Napoleon's invasion, 1812. Decembrist revolt, 1825 suppressed by Nicholas I. Russia avoids revolutions of 1830, 1848. Economic and Social Problems, The Peasant Question. Crimean War (1854-1856), Defeat by industrial powers. Alexander II turns to industrialization after war.

Alexander II 1861, emancipation of serfs Forced to buy lands for former serfs. Productivity of land stagnant.

Industrialization Railways Pacific reached, 1880s Siberia opened to development Factories, 1880s Count Witte, 1892-1903 High tariffs Banking system improved Western investment sought

The Road to Revolution Ethnic minorities Peasants Anarchists Demands Peasants Famine, taxes Anarchists Fail to win peasant support Suppressed 1881, Alexander II assassinated New ideas Marxist socialism Lenin (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov)

The Revolution of 1905 Expansion continues Ottomans pushed back, 1870s New Slavic nations created Into Manchuria Defeated in Russo-Japanese war, 1904-05 Revolution, 1905   Duma created Minister Stolypin Agrarian reforms

Cultural Revival Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy Tchaikovsky, Chopin, Liszt Mendel, Pavlov

Culture under the Tokugawa Thriving Neo-Confucianism Variety of schools By 1850s Economy slowing Rural riots

Pre-Meiji Commander Matthew Perry 1853, Japanese ports forced to open Shogunate bureaucrats Open doors reluctantly Others want to end isolation Conservative daimyos for isolation Unrest 1868, shogunate defeated Meiji restoration Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji)

Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State Feudalism ended Appointed prefects from 1871 State expanded Samurai officials to United States Study, promote change 1873-1876, samurai class abolished Some find new roles Iwasaki Yataro: Mitsubishi Political reorganization Constitution, 1889 House of Peers Diet, lower house

Sino Japanese War 1894-1895

Japan's Industrial Revolution in other areas Military Banks Railways, steamships Tariffs, guilds removed Ministry of Industry,1870 Model factories

Social Effects Culture Universal education Western dress adopted Conversion to Christianity limited Shintoism attracts new followers Need for raw materials War with China over Korea, 1894-1895 Alliance with Britain, 1902 War with Russia, 1904 Korea annexed, 1910 Nationalism and Emperor Worship