What is the Bible? Look up Genesis 4:13, 9:29, and Deuteronomy 23:2

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Presentation transcript:

What is the Bible? Look up Genesis 4:13, 9:29, and Deuteronomy 23:2

Sifre Debarim 356 מעונה אלהי קדם, שלשה ספרים נמצאו בעזרה אחד של מעונים ואחד של היא היא ואחד נקרא ספר זעטוטים באחד כתיב מעון אלהי קדם ובשנים כתיב מעונה אלהי קדם, בטלו חכמים את האחד וקיימו השנים, באחד כתיב תשעה היא ובשנים כתיב אחד עשרה היא בטלו חכמים את האחד וקיימו את השנים באחד כתיב וישלח את זעטוטי בני ישראל, ואל זעטוטי בני ישראל, ובשנים כתיב (שמות כד ה) וישלח את נערי בני ישראל (שם /שמות כד/ יא) ואל אצילי בני ישראל בטלו חכמים את האחד וקיימו את השנים. There were three scrolls in the Temple court: one of “me`onim,” one of “hee hee,” and one was called “the scroll of za`tutim.”…

Babylonian Talmud, Kiddushin 31a Why were the early sages called soferim? For they used to count (soferim) all the letters in the Torah. They would say: “The vav of gahon (Lev. 11:42) is the middle letter of the Torah.” …Rav Yosef asked: “Is the vav of gahon the middle letter from this side or from that side?” They responded: “Let us bring a Sefer Troah and count…” He told them: “They were proficient in plene (with vowel letters) and defective (without vowel letters) letters but we are not proficient.”

The Aleppo Codex www.aleppocodex.org

The Great Synagogue in Aleppo

Rabbis of Aleppo

Babylonian Masorah

Order of books of Ketubim Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah.

Written in Tiberias in the 10th cent. CE Consonants written by Shlomo ben Buya’a, nekudot, taamim and masoretic notes written by Aharon Ben-Asher

Bought by the Karaaites in 11th cent.

Stolen by the Crusaders in 1099

Redeemed by the Cairo community Used by the Rambam Transferred to Aleppo in 1300

רמב"ם הלכות תפילין ומזוזה וספר תורה פרק ח הלכה ג ספר שאינו מוגה במלא וחסר אפשר לתקנו ולהגיהו כמו שבארנו, אבל אם טעה בריוח הפרשיות וכתב פתוחה סתומה או סתומה פתוחה או שהפסיק והניח פנוי במקום שאין בו פרשה או שכתב כדרכו ולא הפסיק בריוח במקום הפרשה או ששינה צורת השירות הרי זה פסול ואין לו תקנה אלא לסלק את כל הדף שטעה בו.

רמב"ם הלכות תפילין ומזוזה וספר תורה פרק ח הלכה ד ולפי שראיתי שיבוש גדול בכל הספרים שראיתי בדברים אלו, וכן בעלי המסורת שכותבין ומחברין להודיע הפתוחות והסתומות נחלקים בדברים אלו במחלוקת הספרים שסומכין עליהם, ראיתי לכתוב הנה כל פרשיות התורה הסתומות והפתוחות וצורת השירות כדי לתקן עליהם כל הספרים ולהגיה מהם, וספר שסמכנו עליו בדברים אלו הוא הספר הידוע במצרים שהוא כולל ארבעה ועשרים ספרים שהיה בירושלים מכמה שנים להגיה ממנו הספרים ועליו היו הכל סומכין לפי שהגיהו בן אשר ודקדק בו שנים הרבה והגיהו פעמים רבות כמו שהעתיקו ועליו סמכתי בספר התורה שכתבתי כהלכתו.

Because I saw serious errors in these matters in all the scrolls that I have seen, while authorities on the Masorah differ…I deemed it fit to write here a list of the sections which are closed and which are open, and also the forms of the songs of the Bible, so that all the scrolls may be corrected from and compared with them. The book which I relied upon to check the scrolls is the well-known codex in Egypt which contains the twenty-four books and that had been in Jerusalem for several years and upon which all relied because it was proofread by Ben Asher, who worked on it carefully for many years and examined it again whenever it was copied. This codex was the text upon which I relied in the Torah scroll that I myself wrote according to the rules.

רמב"ם הלכות תפילין ומזוזה וספר תורה פרק ח צורת שירת האזינו כל שיטה ושיטה יש באמצע ריוח אחד כצורת הפרשה הסתומה, ונמצא כל שיטה חלוקה לשתים, וכותבין אותה בשבעים שיטות ואלו הן התיבות שבראש כל שיטה ושיטה: האזינו, יערף... 21 +28 + 18 Umberto Cassuto – Italian Bible scholar

משנה תורה לפי כ"י תימני צורת שירת האזינו (דברים לב,א-מג)--כל שיטה ושיטה, יש באמצעה ריוח אחד כצורת הפרשה הסתומה, ונמצאת כל שיטה חלוקה לשתיים; וכותבין אותה בשבע ושישים שיטות.  ואלו הן התיבות שבראש כל שיטה ושיטה: האזינו, יערף,

People who saw the Crown 1855 - Moshe Yehoshua Kimhi, son in law of R. Shalom Shakhna Yellin 1850’s – Rabbi Menashe Sitehon 1863 - Abraham Firkovitch 1887 – William Wickes 1910 – picture in a travel book 1943 – Issac Shamosh and Cassuto

December 1, 1947 – Riots in Aleppo 1958 – Murad Faham smuggles the Codex to Israel Samuel Sabbagh Leo Tawil