How to Study for Exams Space your review out over several days, don’t try to do it all at once. Focus on Understanding not Memorization Step 1: Identify the information to be tested. complete review guide, read over notes provided by teacher review Quizlet if available Step 2: Identify what you don’t know (this is what you should spend the most time with) Write down questions you have about this material Seek out the answers to these questions Step 3: Learning is active, do something with the material you need to master (don’t just re-read) Write your own review questions, then answer them Chunk the material and write summaries Make flash cards Draw a picture of the information Create graphic notes (venn diagrams, flow charts, web maps, timelines) Rank the information (by importance, based on your comfort, least interesting to most) Step 4: Learning is social, Review with a friend or parent Quiz each other on the material Take turns reading your summaries Explain your notes to them, teach the material Compare your answers to the review guide- identify difference and look up the information to see who is right.

Chapter 11 Creating Executive Departments One of the first jobs of the New Congress was to establish executive departments to run the government 5 departments were created by the first Congress Department of War- oversee the defense of the nation Treasury Department- oversee the nations finances State Department- builds relationships with foreign countries Attorney General (Justice department) legal advisor to the President Postmaster general- head of postal system The heads or Secretaries of these departments became Washington’s first cabinet Secretary of War- Henry Knox Secretary of Treasury- Alexander Hamilton Secretary of State- Thomas Jefferson

Washington’s Farewell Address Whiskey Rebellion: a revolt by farmers in 1794 against an excise tax on whiskey Excise tax: tax on goods produced in the country This tax made it expensive for farmers west of the App Mts to produce whiskey Whiskey was produced west of the App Mts, because it was easier to transport over the Mts then grain (whiskey was not a luxury for these farmers) Farmers in the west relied on the whiskey for transportation reasons, so they refused to pay the excise tax on whiskey The government viewed these events as a threat to the new governments authority Washington responded with 13,000 militia men to crush the rebellion that challenged the young nations ability to enforce laws and threatened the government authority Washington’s Farewell Address 2 warnings Avoid forming political parties (they will tear the country apart) “spirit of the party”- could lead to civil war Conflicting ideas exist in all governments, and can be dangerous Stay out of foreign affairs and avoid alliances (neutrality and isolationism) the US was not prepared for war

Washington’s accomplishments Country was unified Government was organized- up and running (executive departments established) 3 new states added (Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee) Nation was at peace (successful end to Whiskey Rebellion) Built up the nations economy Federal government assumed war debt Assumption the act of taking possession of something (the federal government took possession of the states war debts) National Bank Created as part of Alexander Hamilton’s economic plan Hamilton wanted to promote business and trade, pay off war debt, and establish a bank to help with the governments financial responsibilities Collect tax money Print money Provide loans for business to grow the economy Loose Construction: a broad interpretation of the Constitution, meaning that Congress has powers beyond those specifically given in the constitution Federalists like Hamilton believed that there is room to read between the lines in the Constitution and the “elastic clause” gives Congress powers that are not listed Used to create the National Bank that would (collect tax money, print money, give loans) Strict Construction: a narrow interpretation of the Constitution, meaning that congress has only those powers specifically given in the Constitution Republicans like Jefferson believed that the Constitution meant exactly what it said and expanding powers of the government would be dangerous

Alien and Sedition Acts: 4 controversial laws that made it more difficult for immigrants to become citizens and easier to deport immigrants from the country. One law made it a crime to speak against the government Sedition Act made it a the crime to speak, write , or publish “false, scandalous and malicious” criticisms of the government Sedition Act violated the first amendment- attack on free speech Alien Acts- 3 laws about non-citizens of the US Increase the time needed to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years Made it easy to deport immigrants Made it easy to jail immigrants who were suspected of activities that threaten the government Seen as a federalist attack on Republicans

Response to Alien and Sedition Act, States’ rights theory: The theory that rights not specifically given to the federal government by the constitution remain with the states Used to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts by 2 states Kentucky Virginia Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: Nullified the Alien and Sedition Acts Response to Alien and Sedition Act, states tried to nullify (refuse to recognize) these laws. Raise the question of states’ right the theory that rights not given to the federal government remain with the states Do states have the power to nullify federal (national) law? These resolutions died without support from other states The question of states’ rights is not answered

Added to the constitution to prevent ties in Presidential Elections 12th Amendment The electoral college uses separate ballots for voting on President and Vice President Added to the constitution to prevent ties in Presidential Elections Election of 1800 Jefferson (candidate for President) tied with Burr (candidate for Vice President) The House of Representatives decided the tie Took 6 days and 35 ballots to determine a winner Election of Thomas Jefferson 1800 Peaceful Revolution 1st time in World History power of government changed hands without war US government transitioned from Federalist to Republican control Serious differences in political opinion were resolved without violence, as a new political party took control of the country Upon taking office Jefferson tries to bring together Federalists and Republicans who can all agree the US is united in common law for the common good.

Bankers, factory owners, merchants Farmers, factory workers The first political parties were divided over how large and powerful the federal (national) government should be Federalists Republicans A. Hamilton T. Jefferson Bankers, factory owners, merchants Farmers, factory workers Wealthy/ educated should run country Common man should run country Strong National Government Weak National Government Weak state governments Strong state governments Economy based on industry (trade, manufacturing, business) Economy based on agriculture Supported France (revolution for democracy- worth the fight) Supported Great Britain (to grow business/trade relationship) Supported state banks (strict construction) Supported National Bank (loans for business) Supported free trade to help export cash crops Supported tariffs to help grow industry