Early Attempts at Colonial Unity

Slavery Does not work out early on What changes?? Middle passage Indentured servants are cheaper Low life expectancy What changes?? Rise of English wages Life expectancy increases Slave for life Royal African Company loses monopoly of slave trade More profitable Middle passage

Colonial class structure Social hierarchy Birth less important then in Europe Land ownership less important Wealth is most important Elite close off entry Social mobility much easier Social pyramid Slaves Indentured servants/jail birds Manual workers/hired hands Farmers (land owning) Lesser professionals Aristocrats, planters, merchants, lawyers, clergymen

“We began with freedom”- Ralph Emerson

New England Confederation 1643 Alliance between the New England colonies (minus Rhode Island & Maine) Protection Settle boundary disputes Created by delegates from each colony Established commissioners (two from each colony)

King Philips War (1675-1678) First major battle between Native Americans since Pequot War in New England Opened up the fur trade between Indians and Colonists Encroachments on Indian lands- Wampanoag English attempt to convert the Indians “Praying towns”- abandon cultural practices John Sassamon- “praying Indian” graduated from Harvard Huge losses for the Indians Lack of leadership Lack of unity Colonies unified

Turmoil in England Restoration (1660) Charles II and James II want absolute Monarchy Oliver Cromwell turns away from New England English Bill of Rights limits the power of the monarchy Establish SALUTARY NEGLECT

Trade & Navigation Acts Mercantilism- exist for the good of the mother country Provide materials for England Markets for England Balance of trade Keep everything “in house” System turns into laws

1651, 1660, 1696 Needed to be transported by English ships by English crews Enumerated commodities (tobacco, sugar, indigo, sugar, rice, ginger) could only be sent to England; then transported elsewhere Foreign goods had to come through England WHY?? Certain items could not be created in the colonies; MUST create the commodities needed for England Started out being beneficial for all

Effects of the Navigation acts England gets a monopoly Colonists resent, resist, rebel Smuggling runs rampant Tobacco sent directly to Netherlands Benefit VA/MD English couldn’t enforce Civil War Commercial War with Dutch Glorious Revolution

Effects of Acts on the colonies Stunted industrial growth Agriculture goods were forced to abide by price restrictions Colonies pay inflated prices

Restoration Charles II orders MA to accept royal officers to enforce the Trade and Navigation acts MA decline… OF COURSE DUH Sends Charles II cranberries, hogs, fish “We humbly conceive that the laws of England are bounded within the four seas and do not reach America” England revokes the charter Dominion of New England (Maine to New Jersey) “suppose” to protect the colonist from Indian attacks Put stronghold on the colonies

Edmund Andros Placed in charge of the Dominion of New England Charters revoked Assemblies disbanded Town meetings banned Colonist taxed Church of England established as the state church of the colonies Examples English government had to accept deeds Anglican marriages legal Must teach school using royal curriculum Town meetings once a year

Glorious Revolution James II Divine rights of Kings Favored Catholics William and Mary placed in charge New officials placed in charge of the colonies; some rights regained Andros is imprisoned in Boston Not very well liked by the colonists

New York and Leisler Revolt Takes control of New York after the Glorious Revolution Arrested and executed

Queen Anne Comes after William and Mary Dies in 1714 Replaced by George I and George II English Prime Minister, Robert Walpole “a wise and salutary neglect” Allow the colonies to trade freely