Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Chapter eight: Memory 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Wouldn’t repressed or false memories be less vivid?

Wouldn’t repressed or false memories be less vivid? No- research has shown that false memories are often recollected with more clarity and certainty than real memories

Wouldn’t it be different for a traumatic event and repressed memoreis?

Wouldn’t it be different for a traumatic event and repressed memories? No- research has shown that memories of real traumatic events in childhood fade over time. But, if an event is very traumatic is tis more likely to become problematic due to inability to stop thinking about it. People often dwell on a traumatic event, not forget it (PTSD)

Does this mean that repression is all a myth?

Does this mean that repression is all a myth? Not necessarily. The research is not conclusive, but suggests that repressed memories may not be as common as people may believe today (it seems to have gotten very hip today).

Penny Example

Three Stages of Memory Three stage memory 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Three Stages of Memory (cont.) Sensory register: holds an exact image of each sensory experience until it can be fully processed 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Three Stages of Memory (cont.) Short-term memory: Lloyd and Margaret Peterson - pay attention - rehearsal - George Miller: - chunking 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Three Stages of Memory (cont.) Long-term memory: storehouse for information that must be kept for long periods of time 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Long-Term Memory and Short-Term Memory LTM must be indexed according to the kind of information that is most easily stored - way that forgetting occurs: - each stage of memory is handled by a different part of the brain: - STM = cerebral cortex - LTM = hippocampus, then transferred to areas of the cerebral cortex 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Types of long-term memory: - procedural - declarative - episodic - semantic 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Organization in long-term memory: - associative network spreading activation model 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Three means of retrieval for testing: - recall method - recognition model - relearning model 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Retrieval: - serial learning: serial position effect - “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR2V_mLjUyQ http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chmemory.html 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Levels of processing: an alternative to the stage model - levels of processing model: - matter of degree vs. separate stages - elaboration: - during encoding phase 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Forgetting and Why It Occurs Why does forgetting occur? - theories: - decay theory - interference theory: - proactive - retroactive reconstruction (schema) theory: - false memory theory of motivated forgetting 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

False Memory List 1: read, pages, letters, school, study, reading, stories, sheets, cover, pen, pencil, magazine, paper, words

which words on list 2 do you remember? List 2: house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean, hill, music, water, glass, school

Did you say that "book" was on list 1 Did you say that "book" was on list 1? Only pencil and school were on list 1.

Biological Basis of Memory Synaptic theories of memory: search for the engram - engram: - the “something” that remains after learning - synaptic facilitation: changes in the functioning of synapses in the brain 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Biological Basis of Memory (cont.) Synaptic theories of memory: search for the engram (cont.) - consolidation: changes grow more permanent over the course of a few minutes or hours - DNA and memory: experiences do not change DNA but can change how DNA is expressed 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Biological Basis of Memory (cont.) Stages of memory and the brain 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Biological Basis of Memory (cont.) Amnesia: - disorders of memory - retrograde amnesia: - extends back in time for a period of minutes or days - anterograde amnesia: - inability to store and retrieve new information in LTM - hippocampus damage - Korsakoff’s syndrome: - loss of vitamin thiamine due to alcoholism - confabulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23Pum-7-pyM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwigmktix2Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Rp2U4zWIzI 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved