Joint, Connective Tissue, and Bone Disorders and Management Chapter 11

Arthritis and Arthrosis Clinical Signs and Symptoms Impaired mobility Impaired muscle performance Impaired balance Functional limitations Table 11.1 compares Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Characteristics Signs and Symptoms: Periods of Active Disease Principles of Management: Active Inflammatory Period Patient education Joint protection and energy conservation Joint mobility Exercise Functional training Arthritis and Arthrosis Box 11.1 contains Criteria for Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Box 11.2 contains Management Guidelines: Rheumatoid Arthritis/Active Disease Period. Box 11.3 contains Principles of Joint Protection and Energy Conservation.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (cont'd) Principles of Management: Subacute and Chronic Stages Treatment approach Joint protection and activity modification Flexibility and strength Cardiopulmonary endurance Arthritis and Arthrosis

Osteoarthritis: Degenerative Joint Disease Characteristics Principles of Management Patient instruction Pain management: early stages Pain management: late stages Assistive and supportive devices and activity Resistance exercise Stretching and joint mobilization Balance activities Aerobic conditioning Arthritis and Arthrosis Box 11.4 contains Management Guidelines: Osteoarthritis

Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Fibromyalgia Prevalence Characteristics Contributing Factors to a Flare Management Figure 11.7 illustrates fibromyalgia tender points.

Myofascial Pain Syndrome Possible Causes of Trigger Points Chronic overload of muscle Acute overload of muscle Poorly conditioned muscles Postural stresses Poor body mechanics

Myofascial Pain Syndrome (cont'd) Management Correct contributing factors to chronic overload of the muscle Eliminate the trigger point Strengthen the muscle

Osteoporosis Risk Factors Prevention Primary osteoporosis Secondary osteoporosis Prevention Physical activity Effects of exercise

Osteoporosis (cont'd) Recommendations for Exercise Mode: Aerobic Frequency Intensity Mode: Resistance Precautions and Contraindications

Fracture Identification Site Extent Configuration Relationship of the Fragments Relationship to the Environment Complications Fractures and Post-Traumatic Immobilization Table 11.3 describes Causes and Types of Fractures.

Risk Factors for Fracture Sudden Impact Osteoporosis History of Falls Fractures and Post-Traumatic Immobilization

Bone Healing Following a Fracture Cortical Bone Inflammation phase Reparative phase Stage of clinical union Stage of radiological union Rigid internal fixation Healing time Cancellous Bone Epiphyseal Plate Fractures and Post-Traumatic Immobilization Box 11.6 contains Types of Abnormal Healing of Fractures.

Principles of Management: Period of Immobilization Local Tissue Response Immobilization in Bed Functional Adaptations Fractures and Post-Traumatic Immobilization Box 11.7 contains Complications of Fractures. Box 11.8 contains Management Guidelines: Post-fracture/Period of Immobilization.

Post-Immobilization Impairments Principles of Management Joint mobilization PNF stretching Functional activities Muscle performance Scar tissue mobilization Fractures and Post-Traumatic Immobilization Box 11.9 contains Management Guidelines: Post-fracture/Post-immobilization.

Independent Learning Activities Critical Thinking and Discussion