Battery 101

Trojan Battery Company Types of Construction Lead Acid Flooded Sealed (Valve Regulated) Maintenance Free Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) Gelled Lead Calcium Deep Cycle 50% 100 - 300 Cycles Lead Antimony Deep Cycle 80% 300 - 1000 Cycles High Power 50 - 250 Cycles Immobilized Electrolyte Low Power Deep Cycle 80% 200 -500 Cycles 7

Trojan Battery Company Terminology Watts = Volts x Amps = POWER Watt-hours = Volts x Amps x Time (hours) = ENERGY Amp-Hours = Amps x Time(hours)

Trojan Battery Company How a Lead Acid Battery Works Discharge PbO2 + Pbo + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O Charge (Positive) (Black/Dark Brown) (Lead Peroxide) (Negative) (Gray) (Sponge Lead) (Electrolyte) (Lead Sulfate) (Water) 8

Trojan Battery Company Definitions Voltage (V) = Electromotive force (potential of battery) + - 6.3V Open Circuit Voltage? Under Load Voltage? 12V vs. 6V? Trojan 2.1 Volt Cells 9

Trojan Battery Company Voltage Relationships Open Circuit Voltage » Specific Gravity Specific Gravity » State of Charge Specific Gravity + 0.845 = Open Circuit Voltage 9

Trojan Battery Company Open Circuit Voltage OCV or VOC: Voltage measurement made after 24 hours of battery rest (no load). OCV vs. State of Charge (SOC) Charge Level Specific Gravity Voltage (12) (6) 100% 1.277 12.72 6.4 75% 1.227 12.42 6.2 50% 1.172 12.12 6.1 25% 1.111 11.76 5.9 Discharged 1.098 11.58 5.8 13

Trojan Battery Company Typical Discharge Curve at a Constant Discharge Current Resistance Voltage Drop Open Circuit Voltage Voltage Under Load Coup De Fouet End of Discharge Voltage 1.75 - 1.70 VPC Voltage Measured Capacity Time ® IEICC

Trojan Battery Company Deep cycle 7 - 10 Amps/100AH (C20*) Charge Current 2.45 - 2.70 VPC* 1 - 3 Amps/100AH (C20*) 2.05 - 2.25 Volts per cell (80% DoD*) Charge Voltage Charge Time ® IEICC

Trojan Battery Company Series/Parallel Circuits In a Series Circuit, Voltage is additive, Current stays the same Example: 2 T-605’s in series = 12 volts @ 190 AH In a Parallel Circuit, Current is additive, Voltage stays the same Example: 2 T-605’s in parallel = 6 volts @ 380 AH

Trojan Battery Company Definitions + - + - 12V (12V, 220 AH) Series Circuit Voltage is additive Current is equal + + Parallel Circuit Voltage is equal Current is additive + 6V - - - (6V, 440 AH) 10

Trojan Battery Company Battery Capacity A battery’s capacity is the amount of electricity the battery can provide to the load and is dependent upon the rate (speed) at which the battery is discharged. 20 hour rating = 100% Capacity 8 hour rating = 88% Capacity 6 hour rating = 84% Capacity 3 hour rating = 74% Capacity 1 hour rating = 59% Capacity 12

Trojan Battery Company Amp Draw Vs. Run Time (Hours)

Trojan Battery Company Temperature vs. Capacity Capacity % Temperature (°F) IEICC

Trojan Battery Company Generic “Smart” Charge Curve Voltage Current (VPC) (A) current 2.60 C20/5 2.37 voltage C20/50 20% 80% 100% State of Charge (%) IEICC

Trojan Battery Company Stratification Specific gravity gradient that may result from ineffective overcharging. 1.080 Normal Sp.G. = 1.277 (Full Charge) 1.400 15

Trojan Battery Company SAFETY Protect eyes and skin from exposure to electrolyte. Don’t smoke when working around batteries or while charging. Insulate tools to prevent shorting across the posts. Use good lifting mechanics when moving and installing batteries.

Trojan Battery Company SAFETY Neutralize acid spills with baking soda or soda ash, IMMEDIATELY. Ventilate during charging to prevent gas build-up. Charge with vent caps securely in place. When in doubt, contact your dealer.