Qing: The Last Chinese Dynasty: Rise of the Qing (1641-1911) Northern Manchu tribes conquered Ming Established Qing dynasty

Qing Breakdown Guess Corruption of exam system Lack of Confucian training led to poor leadership $ diverted from military, public works Population 300 million to 400 million in 1 century Peasant condition deteriorated, banditry emerged All signs of dynastic decline, typical reasons

Trade Limited to ____________ and __________. China thought they were better than Europe. Overconfident.

Late 19th Century Opium Den

Strike 1:Opium War -1839-1842 British found method of equalizing trade with China: Indian Opium Lin Zexu attempted to banish Opium, started war 1839 British victories led to opening of China to inferior Europeans Britain takes Hong Kong Opium addiction+loss to inferior Europeans= further degraded morale, leadership

Strike 2: Taiping Rebellion 2nd known Bloodiest War in history (1st place was WW2) led by Hong Xiuquan sought to equalize Chinese society defeated by Manchu, gentry alliance

Self-Strengthening Movement 1860s attempt at Westernization Economic and military modernization- not Social Cixi- concubine to emperor in 1850s, later her nephew ruled (she ruled) She opposed westernization as treason Imprisoned her own nephew for Hundred Days Reform + executed reformers

Strike 3:Boxer Rebellion 1900 Boxer Rebellion, secretly supported by Qing Anti-Western revolt Crushed by Western Forces American Open Door Policy- anyone can trade with China Even Cixi saw need for a Constitution

Strike 4: The End Last emperor… Henry Puyi Young 1911- China overthrows Qing dynasty Establishes Republic … for now… Quiz Tutorial today at lunch.

Russia & Japan: Industrialization outside of the West Chapter 27

Russia: NoReforms Russian leadership worried abt.French Revolution Aligned with other conservative parties, Prussia & Austria, Holy Alliance Nicolas I used repression, secret police, media control to put down, avoid revolutions 1830s, 1848 Decembrist uprising 1825 to accommodate Western liberal policies

Imperialistic Moves Poland 1830, 1831 Crimean War Continued territorial expansion Poland 1830, 1831 Crimean War

Economic & Social Problems Russia did not keep economic pace with Europe Russian landlords pressured serf to produce more for Western markets, without improved techniques Russia defeat in Crimean War, 1853, proved they were behind

Reform Era & Early Industry Alexander II convinced reform essential 1861 Emancipation of serfs Emancipation increased urban population Restricted harsh punishments, regulated roads, schools

State support of industrialization necessary due to lack of wealthy middle class Extensive Railroad Network, stimulated coal, iron industry, grain exportation modernized banking, western contact for investment Half of industry was foreign owned, debtor nation 4th in steel production, 2nd to US in petroleum, due to size and population Trans Siberian Railroad opened Siberia, East Asia for conflict

Japanese and Industry The Meiji Period

Challenge to Isolation 1853, 1856 American Matthew Perry forced formal treaties of trade; others soon followed Daimyos opposed because shogunate system required isolation 1866 Civil War erupted when samurais attacked foreigners shogunate forces used surplus American weaponry 1868 Victorious group proclaimed new emperor, Mutsuhito, or Meiji, Enlightened One

Meiji State Four things that Would Make a REAL Samurai Cry: 1871 abolished feudalism, replaced daimyos with appointed bureaucrats Sent samurais abroad to study domestic development, establish diplomatic policies 1876 Abolished samurai, final defeat in 1878 by national conscripted army; many absorbed in new gov’t, economy 1889 Establish constitution, Power with emperor, wealthy

Japan’s Industrial Revolution Gov’t funded industry with military armaments, state railroads, steam ships, mining Ministry of Industry expanded technical training, education, banking, regularizing commercial laws providing stable economy Dependent on Western resources, technology

Social Effects Population growth strained resources Gov’t established universal public education, technical, science, national loyalty, moral education Japan copied Western fashions, calendar, metric system, imported consumer goods not Christianity Industry changed nature of family Women still treated inferior, much industrial growth depended on poorly paid female labor

Strain of Modernization Poor living standards Tensions in politics led to frequent assassinations Gov’t focused on extensive Japanese nationalism built on superiority, cohesion, cult of the emperor, strong repression Emergence of sacrifice for state concept Firm repression coupled with sweeping Meiji reforms allowed Japan to avoid revolutions