Anatomy of a revolution

Crane Brinton’s Anatomy of a Revolution Borrowed his terms from pathology. Compares a revolution to a fever or a disease: The revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms.” It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.” The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks. A period of convalescence follows, interrupted by a relapse or two before the recovery is complete.

Think back What political revolutions did you study last year? French, Latin American, Haitian What general causes did they all have in common?

Brinton’s Revolutionary Cycle: Phase 1 Phase 1: Pre-Revolution 1. Class conflict/inequality 2. Government Inefficiency 3. Inept Ruler (person in charge isn’t doing their job) 4. Intellectual transfer of loyalty (new ideas)

March on Versailles

Brinton’s Revolutionary Cycle: Phase 2 Phase 2: Early Revolution 1. Financial Breakdown 2. Government protests increase 3. Dramatic Events 4. Moderate Revolutionaries have control 5. Honeymoon Period (things seem to be working for the revolutionaries)

Storming of the Bastille

Brinton’s Revolutionary Cycle: Phase 3 Phase 3: Crisis Stage 1. Radicals take control 2. Moderates driven from power 3. Civil War 4. Centralization of Power in a Revolutionary Council Dominated by a Strong Man

Napoleon

Brinton’s Revolutionary Cycle: Phase 4 Phase 4: Recovery Stage 1. Slow, uneven return to quieter times 2. Rule by a tyrant 3. Radicals repressed (pushed down) 4. Moderates gain amnesty 5. Aggressive nationalism

In your journals… Draw a timeline with visual representations of Brinton’s revolutionary cycle. Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4

Phase 1 Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 4

The 1905 Russian Revolution

Obstacles to Progress Despite efforts by Peter and Catherine to westernize Russia, it remained economically underdeveloped. By the 1800s, czars saw need to modernize but did not want to give up absolute power. Russia will fall behind Western Europe in economic and social developments You are going to look at what conditions existed in Russia (phase 1) that led people to revolt

Complete causes of the 1905 Revolution When you are finished, on the back of the paper create a bullet point list that answers the following questions: What conditions existed in Russia (phase 1) that led people to revolt? Why do the people hate the czar?

Causes of 1905 revolution Take notes on title and underlined material

Long Term Causes of 1905 Rev 1-Absolute rule of Tsar Nicholas II Nobles & peasants want a say 2-Rigid social system Peasants (90% of pop/mostly farmers) paid highest taxes What does this remind you of?

Long term causes continued 3-Industrialization Increase in taxes to pay for industry Poor working conditions 4-Spread of socialism/Marxism Appealed to industrial workers Bolsheviks: Russians committed to Marxism (Led by Vladimir Lenin) Side note: Lenin flees to Western Europe to escape arrest. (he will play a large role in the 1917 revolution)

Short Term Causes 1-High unemployment 2-Starvation due to poor harvests 3-Russo-Japanese War (1904) Embarrassing loss People blamed the Czar for loss

Immediate Cause: Bloody Sunday- 1905 150,000 workers and their families went to the Tsar’s palace demanded better working conditions/more rights Tsar’s soldiers fire on the unarmed crowd Over 1,000 wounded, 300 killed Violence & riots spread

Results of the 1905 Revolution Nicholas agrees to change Created the Duma-Russia’s first Parliament Lasts 10 weeks before Nicholas gets rid of it Hated sharing power Was this 1905 revolution a success or failure?

Impact of the 1905 Revolution 1905 Rev=Failure By 1914 Russia was still an autocracy with a lot of unrest…… Due to WWI Will lead to Revolution in 1917

The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution March & November revolutions

WWI In 1914, Russia enters WWI Russia spent $22.3 billion Many deaths 3 million civilians died 1.7 million soldiers died Let to shortages of food & supplies at home & for soldiers

The March Revolution March 1917, women textile workers in Petrograd lead a citywide strike This local protest exploded into a general uprising Result: Forced the Czar, to step down & provisional gov’t was set up A year later he and his family were murdered Nearly 200,000 workers protested At first soldiers followed orders to shoot at protestors Later they joined the rebellion

Provisional Government Set up to rule Russia temporarily Keeps Russia in WWI Many angry about this Germany wants Russia out of WWI Why?

Germany Intervenes Arranged for Lenin to return to Russia (benefits Germany) He travelled back to Russia in a sealed railway car in 1917

Lenin Leads Provisional Gov’t was weak & kept Russia in WWI Workers go on strike & soldiers refuse to fight People want: “Peace, Land, Bread” Peace=out of WWI Land=Peasants want land Bread=End to starvation Civil war will break out…Reds (communists) vs. Whites (loyal to czar)

All workers choose the Soviets

1917 Revolution 1917-Lenin gets Russia out of WWI through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (w/Germany) Civil War: 1917-1920 -- “Reds” (communists) versus “Whites” (loyal to Czar) Murder Czar & family Lenin wins (rules 1917-1924) Creates the Soviet Union Censorship & secret police

Russian Civil War War Communism: Communists nationalized (took over) banks, mines, & factories Peasants forced to give food to Red Army Results-Communists win, but millions are starving & production is low 5 million dead of starvation Lenin must now deal with these issues……

What does this tell you about the conditions in Russia at this time? The famine affected both the countryside and the cities. There were reports of cannibalism in some districts. "Sometimes mothers and fathers feed their children human meat as a last resort. Sometimes a starving family eats the body of one of its junior members. Sometimes parents at night seize part of a body from a cemetery and feed it to their children”. What does this tell you about the conditions in Russia at this time? Photograph used with the kind permission of the David King Collection, London

Lenin’s plan for dealing with the effects of war communism= New Economic Policy (NEP).

Remember Capitalism=Private ownership, competition, individual profit Communism=Shared ownership & shared profit

Lenin’s answer – The New Economic Policy #1-Agriculture Peasants now had to supply amount of what they grew to the government (Comm) Any extra they were allowed to keep or even sell for profit! (cap) Lenin’s answer – The New Economic Policy #2-Industry -All important industries, such as coal and steel remained nationalized (comm) Small factories were privatized. (capitalist)

An American journalist describes the economic conditions in Moscow in 1921. 'One morning at the top of my street I saw a man sitting on a sidewalk selling some food packets given by a famine-relief agency. By mid November he had rented a tiny store across the street, handling milk, vegetables, chickens and the freshest eggs and apples. By the following May he had four salesmen in a fair-sized store, to which the peasants brought their produce fresh each morning.'

Results Compromise w/capitalism helped Economy recovered Ended armed resistance to new gov’t 1928 Food & industrial production were at pre-war levels Standard of living improved Lenin died suddenly in 1924 Set off power struggle between Trotsky & Stalin