Unit 4 AP Human Geography Copeland Boundaries Part I Unit 4 AP Human Geography Copeland

IV. Boundaries and the Problems they Cause Vertical lines that establish the limit of each state’s jurisdiction and authority Claims and boundaries are 3 dimensional Subsoil Resource disputes (1990-Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, led to Gulf War) Airspace extends into air traffic (no fly zones) (satellites next?)

The Evolution of Boundaries Definition: the official establishment or documentation of a boundary Treaty Legal document Example: 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement

The Evolution of Boundaries Delimitation: placing of the boundary on a map

The Evolution of Boundaries Demarcation: marking of the boundary by some method on the ground

Boundary Types *Boundaries can be a combination of types I. Natural (physical): based on recognizable physiographic features Mountains, deserts, rivers, and lakes Can cause disputes or provide buffer Mountains-Argentina vs. Chile-divided by crest of Andes Mtns (couldn’t decide on actual crest) Water-good protection against attack, readily visible on maps Ex. 1) East Africa-A) DRC/Uganda-Lake Albert, B) Kenya/Tanzania/Uganda-Lake Victoria 2) Rio Grande-U.S./Mexico 3) Georgia/Alabama

Boundary Types Law of the Sea-165 countries A. Territorial Zone 12 Nautical miles (14 land mi), allow for innocent passage (expeditious and continuous in manner) B. Contiguous Zone 12 Nautical miles, regulate customs, taxation, immigration C. Exclusive Economic Zone 200 Nautical Miles, rights to resources Median Line Principle-dividing lines b/t two states with less than 400 nautical miles apart, the EEZ must be drawn between two states. Also applies to states that are closer (within 24 nautical miles). Boundaries then split the difference between the two. Ex. Great Lakes between Canada and the United States China/Japan/South Korea Beyond EEZ=International Waters Disputes can be taken to a tribunal for the Law of the Sea or to the International Court of Justice or….settled by war!!!

Boundary Types II. Geometric (Artificial): follows parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude Ex. 1) 49th parallel United States & Canada 2) Quebec’s boundary with NY and VT 3) Alaska’s boundary with Yukon Territory 4) North Africa-Algeria/Libya/Egypt

Boundary Types III. Cultural (Religious, Linguistic, Ethnic): separate groups by a common cultural trait Religious: India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim) Ireland (84% Catholic) and Northern Ireland (41% Catholic) Linguistic: Boundaries of France, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Italy Ethnic: Cyprus-Turkish vs. Greek areas

Boundary Origins Antecedent: border drawn before it was well populated United States & Canada

Boundary Origins Subsequent: border drawn after the development of the cultural landscape 2 types: Consequent Superimposed

Boundary Origins N. Ireland and Ireland Subsequent Consequent (ethnographic): border drawn to accommodate existing religious, linguistic, or ethnic differences N. Ireland and Ireland

Boundary Origins Subsequent Superimposed Boundaries: forced on an existing cultural landscape, country, or people by a conquering colonial power Unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns Great Britain = India/Pakistan

Boundary Origins Relict/relic Boundary: former boundary that no longer functions Differences on each side of the border are still evident Ex. Berlin Wall

Boundary Disputes

Definitional/Positional Boundary Disputes Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement Ex. Argentina and Chile-third longest international boundary (3,300 miles) Dispute over border in Patagonia Dispute over Beagle Channel

Locational Boundary Disputes The delimitation and possible demarcation of the border is in dispute. How should the border be interpreted?

Operational/Functional Disputes Neighboring states disagree over policies to be applied along a boundary Ex. Immigration into the U.S. from Mexico

Allocation/Resource Disputes Neighboring states can argue about the distribution of resources Ex. Iraq v. Kuwait (oil) Georgia vs. AL & FL (Chattahoochee River) Georgia vs. Tennessee

Territorial Disputes A subsequent boundary divides an ethnically homogenous group Irredentism- irredentism tries to justify its territorial claims on the basis of (real or imagined) historic or ethnic affiliations. It is often advocated by nationalist movements and has been a feature of political geography.vocating annexation of territories administered by another Examples of Irrendentism o 1) Kashmir (India vs. Pakistan and China) 2) Senkaku Islands/ Diaoyu Islands (uninhabited islands controlled by Japan in East China Sea; underwater oil reserves discovered, ownership of islands now disputed by China; Chinese claim of islands supposedly dates back to the 14th century.

Capitals Typically are centrally located to allow for equal access Many capitals have become distant to many areas due to growth: Washington D.C. Some capitals have been relocated to make them more accessible

Capitals Usually located in the core area and frequently the focus of it Capital cities are also frequently the largest or the Primate City (usually associated with lesser- developed countries) Primate City: dominates the economic structure of the entire country

Forward-Thrust Capital City Deliberately sited in a state’s interior Brazil relocated its capital from Rio de Janeiro to a new city called Brasilia Nigeria – Abuja Kazakhstan – Astana

Brasilia

Brasilia

Brasilia

Nigeria - Abuja

Nigeria - Abuja

Kazakhstan – Astana

Kazakhstan – Astana (new) Almaty (old)