Federal Republic of Somalia

Collapse for almost 2 decades Because of …. Collapse for almost 2 decades

Drought for 6 decades Because of…. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZ8nGTdTmkQ&authuser=0

Brief Information Population: 10.5 million (2013, World Bank) Capital: Mogadishu Area: 637,657sq km (246,201 sq. miles) Major religion: Islam Economy: Agriculture

Related History Colonialized by many countries Clans 1875 - Egypt occupies towns on Somali coast and parts of the interior. 1860s - France acquires foothold on the Somali coast, later to become Djibouti 1889 - Italy sets up a protectorate in central Somalia, later consolidated with territory in the south ceded by the sultan of Zanzibar. 1941 - British occupy Italian Somalia Clans

UN Resolution 733 Adopted unanimously on the 23rd of January, 1992 in response to the large scale loss of human life and destruction that was taking place in Somalia An arms embargo was put in place in an attempt to stabilise peace A peacekeeping force was not mentioned at this time Laid the foundations for future resolutions regarding Somalia

Resolution 751 and the formation of UNOSOM I Adopted on the 22nd of April, 1992 Resulted in the immediate deployment of 50 observers to oversee the ceasefire in the nation's capital, Mogadishu as part of UNOSOM I 3000 UN personnel were suggested for the operation although only 893 were sent The ceasefire agreement was ignored by Somali clans despite the active role of UNOSOM Warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid was openly defying the United Nations by shooting at aid workers UNOSOM I deemed ineffective after security goals were not met

Resolution 775 Adopted on the 28th of August, 1992 The first major increase in the number of peacekeeping personnel and an indication that the UN was taking a firm stance on the situation in Somalia Repeated similar requests to resolutions 751 and 767 by further prioritising the disarmament process and increasing the amount of aid Ceasefire was still being ignored No authorisation needed for the increase of troops as there was no functioning Somali government at the time

Resolution 794 and the formation of UNITAF Adopted on the 3rd of December 1992 Authorised the creation of the Unified Task Force after an offer by the United States to lead a military intervention force which would protect humanitarian aid operations and enforce peace UNITAF was endorsed by the secretary general under chapter VII of the UN charter and therefore was legally justifiable Within a few days of the passing of resolution 794, the first UNITAF troops arrived in Mogadishu The first time that the use of force was authorised under chapter VII of the UN charter to deliver humanitarian aid

UNITAF United States code name: Operation Restore Hope Conceived after the ineffectiveness of UNOSOM I was realised Acted as a transitional body until UNOSOM was revived Mandated to protect the delivery of food and humanitarian goods Multinational force which consisted of soldiers from 24 nations Out of the 37,000 soldiers involved, 25,000 were of the US military

Resolution 814 and the transition to UNOSOM II Adopted on the 26th of March 1993 Authorised the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II after it was decided that there still was not an effective security force within Somalia Tasked with providing security for humanitarian activities, nation building, the disarmament of factions, restoring law and order and setting up a new form of government Consisted of roughly 30,000 personnel, including 22,000 troops and 8,000 logistic and civilian staff Somali distrust for the UN grew as civilian casualties began to rise Following the deterioration of relations between the UN and Somalis, warlords began to join forces and rallied civilians to fight against peacekeeping forces

Resolution 837 Adopted on the 6th of June 1993 In response to the deaths of 24 Pakistani soldiers at the hands of Aidid's men Disarmament of Somali clans was reemphasised as well as the neutralisation of Somali broadcasting stations which were being used to conduct attacks against UN forces The decision to capture Aidid was made under this resolution, though he never was.

Key Event #1: UN Action On March 23, UN lead negotiations with clan leaders was successful in establishing a ceasefire between the warring parties. Sahnoun worked hard to establish good terms with the clan elders and warlords. However the rest of the UN approached Somalia differently Troops numbers began to escalate. 3500 strong peacekeepers, followed by 500 Pakistani peacekeepers were sent into Somalia by August and mid-September respectively under a new resolution. Somalia did not have a functioning government to sought for “permission”.

Key Event #2: Operation Restore Hope Media coverage of suffering civilians in Somalia contributed to America’s decisions for intervening. Another reason was Somalia deemed to be a quick and risk-free operation. Bush felt like he had to intervene.

Key Event #3: Resolution 794’s UNITAF Adopted on December 1992, the Security Council recognized that Somalia has become a threat to international peace and security. This resolution allowed the UNITAF to “use all necessary means” to secure the delivery of humanitarian aid. While the situation is not getting any better, there were 2 attempts to establish ceasefires in Addis Ababa. The main purposes were to disarm and rebuild Somalia as a state. While the ceasefire was successful, tension began to increase between the two sides as the UN became increasingly more involved in Somalia.

Key Event #4: Until the Battle of Mogadishu UNOSOM was accused by Aidid for interfering with Somalia’s internal affairs, later in June Pakistani peacekeepers were killed during an inspection. This lead to a further use of force by the UN to condemn those responsible for their deaths. Increased attacks in the streets of Mogadishu killed many civilians as well, creating a very negative image of America amongst the local people. Two Blackhawks shot down in October and several American soldiers being killed started to force Clinton to pull out of Somalia.

Criticism 1.Fail to distribute the food and aid Resolution 733, UNOSOM1, Operation Restore Hope Delayed due to the lawlessness U.N.’s aid focused on Mogadishu disregarding local community Aid and Food->greedy warloads Local community-starvation, weak/ strengthen the warloads by feeding

Criticism Somalia 1992~ Indonesia(Ache) 2004 Aid delivered Area Aid Mogadishu (Mostly Warlords/ Civil War) Tsunami attacked area-around sea (Tsunami-natural disaster) Aid Unreached Area Local Community (Drought-natural disaster, Famine) Warring Area-inland area (Mostly Warlords-govt armies/Civil War) Result -Made the warlords stronger as much as to continue fighting -Local people still starved to death -Suspicion over the intervention -Fail to make a good relationship with the local people -Tired warlords and government compromised-civil war stopped -Good relationship with the government and locality allowed further aid to come.

Criticism 2.Too Late UNISOM1 resolution 751-the peacekeepers did not arrive until mid- September Operation Restore Hope(UNITAF)-Initiated by Bush 4, December. -BUT, from Janurary: 1.Andrew Natsios, director of OFDA(Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance) “Famine in Somalia is the greatest humanitarian emergency in the world” 2.State Department’s African bureau tried to put Somalia on Secretary of State Baker’s Agenda ->No Media’s nor Bush’s attention.(Busy with Iraq, Yugoslavia, and Soviet Union)

Criticism 3.Selective Intervention-U.S. U.S. At first opposed to intervene/fearing financial burden Media-showed Somalis dying due to starvation->Americans urged their govt. Differing Responses to Somalia and Bosnia-Eagleburger justified “But the fact of the matter is that a thousand people are starving to death everyday, and that is not going to get better if we don’t do something about it, and it is an area where we can affect events. There are other parts of the world where things are equally tragic, where the cost of trying to change things would be monumental. In my view, Bosnia is one of those.”

Criticism 4.Responsibility to Rebuild/ Influence Lack of Rebuild process which is one of the main factors of Responsibility to protect ->led to ceaseless starvation and poverty in Somalia, another failed intervention case. Ex. 2011 US-Somalia(Drought+Civil Conflict) intervention(Restrictive Aid distribution due to international Regime) Pessimistic view on Humanitarian Intervention->Inaction in Rwanda

Evaluation UNOSOM1 UNITAF UNOSOM2 Supreme Humanitarian Emergency 5 Necessity 3 4 Proportionality 2 1 Positive Humanitarian Outcome Humanitarian Motives Humanitarian Justifications Legality Selectivity

Somalia Today The New Somalian Government Some Issues in Somalia Piracy Independent North and South

The New Somalian Government 2000 Clan elders and other senior figures appointed Abdulkassim Salat Hassan as a President at the conference in Djibouti 2003 The main warlords and politicians agree with a deal to establish a new parliament (The Hassan Temporary Government) 2006 The Temporary Federation of Sates Government (TGF) was established Islamic Courts Union invaded into Somalia, but TFG won the sovereign right in 2007 2009 Al-Shabab took over the large area of Somalia 2012 Somalia’s first moral parliament was set up in 20 years Abdulkassim Salat Hassan

A peace activist and educational trainer 2012 Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was elected as the first democratic MPs since 1967 Who is he? A peace activist and educational trainer Joined UNICEF as an education officer, travelling around south and central Somalia Founded his Peace and Development Party (PDP) in 2011

a. Piracy Became an international problem around 2007 In May 2008, The UN Security Council →Countries to send warships to protect from pirates

Piracy issue is related to the domestic condition…

b. Independent North and South Divided by North and South Somaliland (1991) Puntland (1998) Somalia

Conclusion First unanimous intervention This case shows 2 sides First unanimous intervention No interests made them response so slow

Reference BBC News-Africa Somalia Profile http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094632 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/pirate/africa.html