After WWII many African countries gained independence

Leaders of Independence Movements in Africa Ghana (Gold Coast)1957 - Kwame Nkrumah Created the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and its purpose was to end all colonialism in Africa

Kenya 1963 - Jomo Kenyatta After independence: African countries still rely on Europe as trade partners. Unfavorable Balance of Trade: Import more than they Export causing a Rising Debt.

South Africa For nearly 350 years, Europeans ruled South Africa. South Africa won independence from Britain in 1910, its white citizens alone held political power. To control the nation’s government and economy, whites made a system of apartheid (separation of races) set up in 1948 - live separately, no voting rights, pass system. Apartheid required black Africans and other nonwhites to use segregated public facilities and transportation, and forbade interracial marriage.

1912 - African National Congress (ANC) Established to help causes in Africa -opposed apartheid & used civil disobedience to fight for causes -leader in 1962 - Nelson Mandela, jailed from 1964-1990 Mandela was the symbol of apartheid -many western countries placed sanctions (stopped trading) & used disinvestments with South Africa (used to help end apartheid -these protests are led by Desmond Tutu a civil rights leader.

Desmond Tutu a civil rights leader

1989 F.W. DeKlerk becomes president, makes many reforms: ended apartheid and segregation, freed Mandela 1994 all could vote for leaders & Mandela elected president of South Africa Problems since apartheid - regional and ethnic rivalries

Aim: What economic problems do African nations face after Independence? Shortage of skilled labor. 2. Ethnic conflict: tribalism=Many Africans had a greater allegiance to their tribe than to nation. This led to conflicts.

Ex. Civil Wars: 1990’s Rwanda & Burundi=Hutu majority & Tutsi minority Ex. Civil Wars: 1990’s Rwanda & Burundi=Hutu majority & Tutsi minority. UN estimated that between 250,000 & 500,000 Tutsi were slain in civil war.

In Before 1994, Rawanda was 85% Hutu and 14% Tutsi In Before 1994, Rawanda was 85% Hutu and 14% Tutsi. Hutu extreamists, supported by government officials, lanched a murderous campaign against the Tutsis.

In 2002, 53 African countries formed a federation the African Union (AU). Its goals include solving economic, social, political and environmental problems in Africa. AU Members deal with issues such as desertification, AIDS, and famine. The Au also workd to control the conflicts between and within African countries. Eventually it plans to create an economic bloc.

Ex. Somalia: Experienced drought & great famine Ex. Somalia: Experienced drought & great famine. Fighting among local warlords prevented food aid from reaching the Somalis. 1992 U.S. & other countries sent troops to Somalia for a limited time but forces withdrew when they could not stop the fighting fighting.

***THIS PUBLIC UNREST DISCOURAGES ECONOMIC INVESTMENT BY FOREIGNERS

Hunger/Famine (hurt economic growth) A. Population growth B. Subsistence farmers=grow only enough food to meet the needs of their families & own livestock. C. Cash Crops: exported to other countries. D. Migration to cities: not enough jobs and public facilities to support migration of people=more hunger & poverty. E. High debt F. Inadequate Transportation systems G. Desertification(soil erosion that dries out land, caused by overgrazing, destruction of rain forest) & drought