L23B: Sociolinguistics 2005-2006 Please Turn off all cellular phones & pagers L23B Website: www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/courses/l23b 11/12/2018
Topics for this Session Communication as a social activity Components of Communication Ethnography of Communication Readings: Downes,Hymes, Gumperz(PT) Also relevant sections from Wardhaugh & Holmes 11/12/2018
ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE WHEN TO SPEAK WHEN NOT TO SPEAK WHERE TO SPEAK TO WHOM WHAT TO TALK ABOUT IN WHAT MANNER 11/12/2018
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE “underlying systems of knowledge and skill required for communication” 11/12/2018
Components of Communication Linguistic Knowledge Interaction Skills Cultural Knowledge 11/12/2018
Linguistic Knowledge verbal elements non-verbal elements patterning of elements range of possible variants meaning of variants 11/12/2018
Interaction Skills selection of forms interpretation of forms discourse organization and processes norms of interaction and interpretation strategies for achieving goals 11/12/2018
Cultural Knowledge social structure values and attitudes e.g. Mary: He cheated on me! John: My father died yesterday. 11/12/2018
Dell Hymes: Social Units essential to communication Speech Situations Speech Events Speech Acts 11/12/2018
Speech Situation contexts of language use such as ceremonies, fights, hunts, lovemaking 11/12/2018
Speech Events (main text – chapter 10: speech events) defined by a unified set of components through out: same purpose of communication same topic same participants same language variety (generally) 11/12/2018
Speech Acts (Wardhaugh, chapter 12);Searle & Austin “group of utterances with a single interactional function” e.g. request, command, a greeting, 11/12/2018
Speech Situation: at the UWI bus stop Speech event (asking the time) Speaker A: What is the time? (speech act 1) Speaker B: It’s 1 o’clock (speech act 2) Speaker A: Thanks (speech act 3) 11/12/2018
Speech Situation: at the bus stop Speech Event (asking the time) Speaker A: Can you tell me the time? (speech act 1) Speaker B: Yes! (speech act 2) 11/12/2018
Ethnography of Communication Hymes (1974): components of communicative events relations among components the capacity and state of components the activity of the whole 11/12/2018
Hymes ‘SPEAKING’ S – refers to Setting and scene P – refers to Participants E – refers to Ends (outcomes) A – refers to Act sequence K – refers to Key (tone, manner) I – refers to Instrumentalities(channel) N –refers to Norms of interaction and interpretation G – refers to Genre – 11/12/2018