World War I

MAIN Causes M – Militarism A – Alliances I – Imperialism policy of maintaining a large military establishment tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state A – Alliances Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia) I – Imperialism Intensified European rivalries (Africa) N – Nationalism an extreme form of patriotism, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.

Europe in 1914

Additional Causes Long Term: Short Term: Decline of the Ottoman Empire Pan-Slavism Russian ‘protection’ of the Slavs Short Term: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austrian ultimatum to Serbia Russian Mobilization Germany’s ‘Blank Check’

“May our dear native country be calm” “We firmly and faithfully stick together”

Stalemate & the USA Most fighting took place in France and Russia United States joins Allies in 1917 Unrestricted submarine warfare The Zimmerman Telegram Democracy (Russian Revolution)

New Weapons Machine Guns Poison Gas Balloons, Zeppelins, Trench Warfare Barbed Wire Poison Gas Chlorine, Mustard (Gas Masks) Balloons, Zeppelins, Mechanized Warfare Tanks, Airplanes Anti-Aircraft Guns

Country Mobilized Killed Wounded Total Casualties Australia 330,000 59,000 152,000 211,000 64% Austria-Hungary 6,500,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 4,820,000 74% Belgium 207,000 13,000 44,000 57,000 28% Bulgaria 400,000 101,000 153,000 254,000 Canada 620,000 67,000 173,000 241,000 39% The Caribbean 21,000 1,000 3,000 4,000 19% French Empire 7,500,000 1,385,000 4,266,000 5,651,000 75% Germany 11,000,000 1,718,000 4,234,000 5,952,000 54% Great Britain 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000 44% Greece 230,000 5,000 26,000 11% India 1,500,000 43,000 65,000 108,000 7% Italy 5,500,000 460,000 947,000 1,407,000 26% Japan 800,000 250 1,250 0.2% Montenegro 50,000 10,000 New Zealand 110,000 18,000 55,000 73,000 66% Portugal 100,000 7,000 15,000 22,000 22% Romania 750,000 200,000 120,000 320,000 43% Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 6,650,000 55% Serbia 707,000 128,000 133,000 261,000 37% South Africa 149,000 12,000 19,000 13% Turkey 1,600,000 336,000 736,000 46% USA 4,272,500 126,000 204,000 321,000 8%

The Role of Women in WWI Women replaced men in factories Responsible for economic victory for Allies Women gain the right to vote In US and most European countries Men could no longer deny after WWI contributions

The End of the War Russia exits in 1918 (Revolution) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Germany eventually overpowered Surrenders 11/11/1918 (Veteran’s Day)

The Treaty of Versailles France blames Germany for the war Forced to sign ‘war-guilt’ clause Accepting sole responsibility for the war Germany had to: Reduce size of army, eliminate navy/air force Demilitarize Rhineland Cede territory (creation of Poland) Return Alsace and Lorraine to France Pay reparations (destroys German economy)

Europe in 1919

1914 vs. 1919 Before After

The Russian Revolution

Causes Russia was a monarchy (Czar) 1. Failures of World War I Poorly supplied soldiers, high casualties 2. Economics Food shortages, inflation, workers strike 3. Rasputin Manipulated royal family, distrusted by Russians

The February Revolution 1917- Nicholas is forced to abdicate (give up throne) Provisional (democratic) Government established Insisted on supporting allies and continuing war Bad move Could not solve economic issues

The October Revolution Communists (Bolsheviks) led by Vladimir Lenin overthrow provisional government Executes royal family Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Civil War 1918-1921 Communists (Reds) vs. Anti-Communists (Whites) Soviet Union created with Red victory