volcanoes Engr. Imran Mehmood Civil Engineering Department

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Presentation transcript:

volcanoes Engr. Imran Mehmood Civil Engineering Department Swedish College of Engineering & Technology, Wah Cantt Date # 29th Feb., 2012

VOLCANOES “Volcanoes are the vents through which hot materials are discharged continuously or occasionally.” “A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface.” VOLCAN – ROMAN WORD MEANS GOD OF FIRE These vents connect the surface of earth with the molten material inside the earth.”

Formation of volcanoes Igneous Rocks RECALL Formation of volcanoes Temperature increases with the depth Temperature gradient 1˚C with 40 meters depth At temperature above 1100˚C, all the rocks are in molten state, called MAGMA Change in temperature or pressure take place Magma, no longer remains in its original state & moves towards the earth surface to erupt through the points of least resistance “Volcanoes are formed, when the magma is forced out to escape or attempts to escape on the earth’s surface”

CAUSES OF Volcanoes The volcanoes may be caused due to: Percolating Water – The water percolating through earth’s surface comes in contact with the molten rocks, changes to steam which results in creating enormous pressure and allows the molten rocks to move upwards through the path of percolated water (points of least resistance). Most of the volcanoes of the world are situated near the sea. Also volcanic eruptions are accompanied by some quantity of steam.

Products of eruption High Silica → More Viscous Low Silica → Less Viscous Lava Cinders Ash Gases Fined grained material 5mm to Several cm Volcanic dust or particles < 5mm CO2, SO2,H2S,HCL etc

Volcanoes around the world

Eruption style Lava flow Lava fountain Non-Explosive Eruption

TYPES OF eruptions Central Eruption Fissure Eruption Magma Comes out from one location Fissure Eruption Magma Comes out from many locations

Classification (record of activity) Active – Always active, stops for few periods of time and again starts Dormant – Once erupts, then stops its activity for a considerable period of time, but the chances of eruption are there. Extinct – which is quite ancient and have stopped it activity. Active Volcano Mount Aso - Japan Dormant Volcano Mount Price - Canada Extinct Volcano Monte Vulture - Italy