The Industrial Revolution Begins (1750-1850) Chapter 5

California Standards: 10.3.1: Analyze why Britain was the first country to industrialize 10.3.2: Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change 10.3.3: Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution 10.3.4: Trace the evolution of work and labor, including the demise of the slave trade and the effects of immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of labor, and the union movement. 10.3.5: Understand the connections among natural resources, entrepreneurship, and capital in an industrial economy.

Vocabulary Section 1: anesthetic enclosure James Watt smelt Section 2: capital enterprise entrepeneur putting-out system Eli Whitney turnpike Liverpool Manchester Section 3: urbanization tenement labor union Section 4: Thomas Malthus Jeremy Bentham utilitarianism socialism means of production Robert Owen Karl Marx communism proletariat social democracy

Dawn of the Industrial Age pg#170-173 Agricultural Revolution: Began farming larger fields Fertilizer from livestock to renew soil Crop rotation Plant things like turnips to restore exhausted soil Created machines like the Jethro Tull seed drill Industrial Revolution: 1. Anesthetic used for first time (prevents pain) 2. Sewing machine invented 3. Improved medicine 4. Skyscrapers

Britain Leads the Way Pg#174-177 Iron and Coal 1. Coal was used to separate iron from its ore. 2. Iron was used for steam engines and other machines 3. First iron bridge and eventually railroads. 1. Abundance of natural resourcesNatural ports and navigable rivers 2. Creation of canals which increase accessibility and trade 3. Large supplies of coal and iron

Technology Sparks Industrial Growth Steel – Henry Bessemer Chemistry – Alfred Nobel invented dynamite Electricity – REPLACES STEAM; Michael Faraday and dynamo – machine that generates electricity; Thomas Edison and the light bulb

Transportation Advances Steamships and railroads connect industry, resources, and consumers Internal combustion engine = automobile and Henry Ford’s assembly line Airplanes and Orville and Wilbur Wright

Communication Advances Telegraph – Samuel F.B. Morse Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell Radio – Guglielmo Marconi

Business Takes a New Direction Big Business = establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods Need money? Sell stock or form corporations

Monopolies and Regulation Monopolies – huge corporate structures that control entire industries or areas of the economy Monopolies are eventually regulated to limit growth and foster competition

Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution pg#178-182 Industrial Middle Class: 1. Entrepreneurs who set the industrial revolution in motion 2. Merchants who invested capital in factories 3. Inventors who developed new technologies 4. Rags to Riches 5. Lived well in nice homes, wore fancy clothing, and ate well 6. Took pride in their hard work and their determination to get ahead. 7. Did not have sympathy for the poor. 8. Unlike the wealthy who had maids to look after the children women did not work staying home to raise the children

Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution pg#178-182 Industrial Working Class: 1. Lived in foul smelling slums. 2. Lived in tenements, multistory buildings divided into apartments. 3. No sewage or sanitation system 4. Men, women, and children worked . Labor unions, 1. worker organizations, were illegal. 2. Workers wanted pay increase but had no political power. 3. Riots first occurred from 1811-1813 with textile workers who smashed machines and burned factories

Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution pg#178-182 Harsh Conditions in Factories: 1. In textile mills workers constantly breathed in lint damaging their lungs. 2. The majority of factory workers were women because they could be paid less. 3. Women also were responsible for traditional home chores as well. 4. Workers faced a rigid schedule set by the factory whistle. 5. 12-16 hour shifts 6 .Six or seven days a week 7 . Accidents were frequent including loss of a finger, limb, and even life. Harsh Conditions of Mines: 1. Miners made more than factory workers but the conditions were much worse. 2. Worked in darkness 3. Coal dust destroyed lungs 4. Dangers of explosions, flooding, and collapsing tunnels

Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution pg#178-182 Factory Acts: 1. Child labor reform laws 2. Children can only work 12 hours 3. Children under the age of eight cannot work in cotton mills 4. Child workers had to be educated Child Labor: 1. Children of the working class joined their parents in the mines and factories. 2. Started working at age seven or eight 3. Children performed jobs such as crawling under machine to make repairs.

New Ways of Thinking Pg# 184-188 Laissez-faire Economics: 1. Capitalism 2. Laissez-Faire: “Hands off,” government should not interfere with the free operation of economy. 3. Free market will produce more goods at lower prices due to competition. David Ricardo: Laissez-Faire economist 1. influenced by Adam Smith 2. Believed working class was trapped in poverty 3. Argued wage increase was a waste 4. Opposed government help for the poor 5. People can improve lives through thrift, hard work, and limiting the size of their families Thomas Malthus Laissez-Faire economist 1. Predicted population would outgrow the food supply 2. The poor will suffer as long as population increases. 3. Urged families to have fewer children and discouraged charitable handouts and vaccinations. Adam Smith: 1. Free market will produce more goods at lower prices due to competition. 2. Adam Smith, author of, The Wealth of Nations, argued that free market would benefit everyone not just the rich

New Ways of Thinking Pg# 184-188 Utilitarian: Jeremy Bentham- 1. The idea that the goal of society should be the “Greatest happiness for the greatest number.” 2. Laissez-Faire with some government intervention. 3. Supported individual freedom, which was believed to support happiness John Stuart Mill 1. followed the ideas and argued that the government should step in and improve the lives of the working class. 2. Ideas rejected by the middles class. Utopians: Robert Owens: 1. Early socialist societies formed communities in which all work was shared and all property was owned in common. 2. Believed fighting would disappear as their was no rich and poor. . Jeremy Bentham

New Ways of Thinking Pg# 184-188 Communism: Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels- 1. “scientific revolution”, communism form of socialism based on economic class struggle 2. called for “classless society” 3. history based on “haves” and “have-nots” 4. “haves” were known as “bourgeoisie” or middle class 5. “have-nots” were the “proletariat” or working class 6. Marx predicted proletariat would defeat bourgeoisie 7. workers would take over means of production . Jeremy Bentham