The Growth of Towns, Living Conditions & Public Health

Population Growth Britain’s population doubled in the 50 years between 1801 & 1851, from 10.5 to 21 Million By 1901 it had doubled again to 42 Million There had been nothing like this before

The Growth of Towns This growing population crowded into expanding industrial towns This process is called Urbanisation People were driven away from the countryside because of Enclosure They were drawn to the towns to find work in the new factories

Urbanisation Places like Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Birmingham, Bradford, Glasgow and Sheffield grew into huge cities in a few years This growth was unplanned It was also unregulated- there were no laws about planning, building or sanitation The main political belief of the time – Laissez-faire – government should not interfere

19th C. Attitudes Laissez-faire- most politicians believed that things would work out better if government didn’t interfere They believed it was wrong to interfere with the rights of landlords They felt that the poor were to blame for their own living conditions There was little understanding of what caused disease

Living Conditions Housing for the poor was Jerry-Built (badly built) Poor foundations, damp walls,leaky roofs, poor ventilation Massive overcrowding, thousands lived in filthy cellars Back-to-backs took up less space and crowded more people in Courts were accessed by narrow alleys – little sunlight penetrated

Back-to-backs

Back-to-backs Back-to-backs could crowd more people in, more cheaply They were built next factories Families often shared with other workers Cooking facilities were minimal

Sewage, Sanitation and Refuse This picture of Jacob’s Island, East London, is typical The privvies(toilets) emptied straight into the river Elsewhere sewerage was simply left in cess pits or open sewers Sometimes the cess pit was emptied by Night Men who made a living selling manure to local farmers In rain, the filth washed through the alleys and into the cellars Animal dung added to the stench Other refuse was not collected

Water Supply Water was drawn from rivers or wells Raw sewerage leaked from un-lined cess-pits and contaminated the wells Most towns used the rivers as a vast sewer Water pumps were shared by hundreds of people Water was dirty and carried many germs

Dangers to Health The cartoon of 1858 shows the Thames bringing 3 deadly diseases to London Smoke form factories and chimneys caused lung disorders Uncooked meat and impure water caused diarrhoea and dysentery People had lice because they couldn’t keep clean – the lice spread Typhus Rats spread disease Diseases like TB spread easily in overcrowded conditions

Cholera There were serious cholera epidemics in 1831-2, 1848, & 1854, killing thousands Cholera was terrifying. It was unknown in Britain before 1831. The symptoms were frightening – diarrhoea and vomiting, dehydration, pain, fever. Patients turned blue! No-one knew the cause No-one knew how to treat it It killed the rich as well as the poor

Edwin Chadwick’s Report 1842 Chadwick’s Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population, 1842, was deeply shocking It was a thorough, statistical survey of living conditions throughout Britain The most startling evidence was on average life expectancies In Manchester 50% of babies died before they were 5 The average age of death in Manchester was 17 for a labourer, and only 38 for a well-off middle class professional

The Public Health Act 1848 Shocked by Cholera and Chadwick’s Report Parliament passed the first Public Health Act in 1848 The Act set up a General Board of Health with the power to create local Boards of Health BUT, the act did not compel towns to take responsibility for drainage, sewerage, refuse and water The “Great Stink” in London in 1858, led to London’s sewage being dumped downstream, instead of in the middle of the Thames!

Dr John Snow Edwin Chadwick Robert Koch Read p 108-9 and do the questions p 109 Edwin Chadwick Now do the Source exercises on p116-7 Robert Koch Read about Koch and Pacini on p 122-3: Who should get the credit for beating cholera? Do question p 123

Dr John Snow and Cholera During the 1854 Cholera epidemic in London John Snow persuaded the authorities to remove the handle from the water pump an the corner of Broad Street, Soho He was convinced that cholera was not caused by miasma Soon afterwards the epidemic stopped He believed he had proved that the disease was spread by contaminated water He produced a detailed map of the epidemic and became famous for conducting a proper scientific enquiry based on observation

Dr John Snow and Cholera After collecting his evidence Snow got the pump handle removed: the deaths stopped A cesspool was discovered one metre from the pump: it had a cracked lining allowing the contents to seep into the water

Slow Progress 1848-1875 The so-called Dirty Party continued to argue that government should follow “laissez-faire” principles The poor were blamed for their living conditions, but Chadwick argued that poor living conditions caused poverty Edwin Chadwick quarreled with the doctors and was unpopular The problem seemed too vast to cope with and still no-one knew what caused disease till Pasteur discovered germs in 1861

The Public Health Acts of 1875 Primeminister Benjamin Disraeli (1874-80) passed two important reforms:- The Public Health Act 1875 which compelled towns to provide clean water, drains and sewers The Artizans Dwellings Act 1875 which allowed Local authorities to take over and pull down slums There was still a lot to do!

Joseph Chamberlain Mayor of Birmingham 1872-6 Chamberlain used the new legal powers (1875) to pull down 40 acres of slums in the middle of Birmingham. He replaced them with Corporation Street But, Chamberlain took no steps to re-house the poor who simply moved into even more over-crowded districts

Other Improvers Titus Salt moved his workers out of Bradford and built the model town of Saltaire (picture) George Cadbury built model village of Bournville for his Birmingham workers William Lever built model town of Port Sunlight for his “Sunlight Soap” workers George Peabody founded the Peabody Trust which built good apartment blocks for working people Octavia Hill bought and repaired slums in London -Read p114-5 do question p115

Conclusions The problems of poor living conditions and public health were not solved in the 19thC. The problem was very big There was ignorance about the causes of disease The Government was reluctant to move away from “Laissez-faire” Local government had few powers Politicians did not want to put up rates and taxes to pay for drains, water, paving, etc… The problem was closely linked to POVERTY, and there was no 19thC solution to this