Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Promotes Tumor Proliferation and Induces Radio Resistance in Glioblastoma Jia Wang, Tong Yang, Gaofeng Xu, Hao Liu, Chunying.

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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Promotes Tumor Proliferation and Induces Radio Resistance in Glioblastoma Jia Wang, Tong Yang, Gaofeng Xu, Hao Liu, Chunying Ren, Wanfu Xie, Maode Wang Translational Oncology Volume 9, Issue 6, Pages 548-556 (December 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.08.007 Copyright © 2016 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 CDK2 expression was enriched in GBM. (a) Genome-wide transcriptome microarray analysis from TCGA database showed that CDK2 is one of the most up-regulated kinases in GBM samples compared to normal tissue. (b) Analysis of Sun.'s database indicated that CDK2 expression was elevated in GBM samples. (c) Analysis of TCGA database indicated that CDK2 was highly expressed in all the 4 subgroups of GBM (classical, mesenchymal, neural and proneural) compared with non tumor tissue. (d) Analysis of Rembrandt database demonstrated that CDK2 expression in GBM is significantly higher than non tumor and other types of glioma groups. (e) qRT-PCR analysis showed CDK2 mRNA expression was elevated in 3 GBM cell lines (U138, U251, U87) compared with normal astrocytes (NHA). (f) Western blotting analysis indicated that CDK2 protein expression was enriched in 3 GBM cell lines compared with normal astrocytes. Translational Oncology 2016 9, 548-556DOI: (10.1016/j.tranon.2016.08.007) Copyright © 2016 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 CDK2 was functionally required for GBM proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. (a) qRT-PCR analysis of U87 cells transduced with shRNA against CDK2 (shCDK2) or non-targeting control (shNT). (b) Western blot analysis of U87 cells transduced with shRNA against CDK2 (shCDK2) or non-targeting control (shNT). (c) In vitro cell growth assay showing shRNA against CDK2 (shCDK2) inhibited cell proliferation of U87 cells (P<.01, n=6, with one-way ANOVA). (d) Representative images of H&E stained mouse brain section after the intracranial transplantation of U87 cells transduced with shRNA against CDK2 (shCDK2) or non-targeting control (shNT). (e) Kaplan–Meier analysis of nude mice harboring intracranial tumor derived from U87 cells transduced with shNT (n=5), shCDK2 (n=5) (P=.0066, with log-rank test). Translational Oncology 2016 9, 548-556DOI: (10.1016/j.tranon.2016.08.007) Copyright © 2016 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Enhanced CDK2 expression was highly expressed in GBM and was associated with poor prognosis in GBM patients. (a) CDK2 displayed a strong expression at protein level in the Human protein Atlas dataset. (b) Representative immunohistochemically image of CDK2. (c) Analysis of CDK2 in glioma samples and non-tumor brain samples showed CDK2 is highly expressed in high grade glioma samples compared to low grade glioma samples. (d) Kaplan–Meier analysis evaluating the correlation between CDK2 expression and survival of 41 glioma patients (CDK2high samples versus CDK2low samples, P=.0262, with log-rank test). (e) Analysis of the Rembrandt data indicated the inverted correlation between CDK2 mRNA expression and post-surgical survival of GBM patients. Translational Oncology 2016 9, 548-556DOI: (10.1016/j.tranon.2016.08.007) Copyright © 2016 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 CDK2 regulated radio resistance in GBM. (a) Genome-wide transcriptome microarray analysis showed that CDK2 was one of the most up-regulated kinases in GBM cells post-irradiation (12Gy) compared to naïve GBM cells. (b) qRT-PCR analysis for CDK2 mRNA expression in U87 cells post-irradiation (12Gy) compared to naïve U87 cells (P<.01, with t-test). (c) Western analysis for CDK2 protein expression in U87 cells post-irradiation (12Gy) compared to naïve U87 cells. (d) qRT-PCR analysis for CDK2 expression using U87 cells infected with shNT and shCDK2 then treated with or without radiation treatment (12 Gy). (e) Western blot analysis for CDK2 expression using U87 cells infected with shNT and shCDK2 then treated with or without radiation treatment (12 Gy). β-actin served as a control. (f) In vitro cell growth assay for U87 cells transduced with shNT or shCDK2 with or without radiation treatment (12 Gy). (g) Flow cytometry analysis for apoptosis with Annexin V antibody and Propidium Iodide using U87 cells transduced with shNT or shCDK2 with or without radiation treatment (12 Gy). Translational Oncology 2016 9, 548-556DOI: (10.1016/j.tranon.2016.08.007) Copyright © 2016 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 CDK2 inhibitor attenuated tumor growth by increasing radio sensitivity in GBM. (a) Chemical structure of CDK2 Inhibitor II. (b) In vitro cell viability assay for CDK2 Inhibitor II with 3 GBM cell lines (U138, U251, U87) compared with normal astrocytes (NHA). (c) IC50s of CDK2 Inhibitor II in 3 GBM cell lines (U138, U251, U87) compared with normal astrocytes (NHA). (d) In vitro cell growth assay showed that CDK2 Inhibitor II decreased cell proliferation of U87 when combined with radiation (P<.001, with ELDA analysis). (e) Flow cytometry analysis for apoptosis with Annexin V antibody and Propidium Iodide using U87 cells pretreated with CDK2 Inhibitor II with or without radiation treatment (12 Gy). (f) Representative images of H&E stained mouse brain section after the intracranial transplantation of U87 cells then followed continuously 7-day CDK2 Inhibitor II treatment or placebo by tail vein injection. (g) Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed for the comparison of survival in U87 implanted mice treat with or without CDK2 Inhibitor II (P=.0066, with log-rank test). Translational Oncology 2016 9, 548-556DOI: (10.1016/j.tranon.2016.08.007) Copyright © 2016 The Authors Terms and Conditions